Nature versus nurture Essay Example for Free

genius versus put forward EssayMy married man and I ran a group home for teenage girls for over nine years. The girls were try with major life issues, few had been abandoned, others had sexual identity issues, a few were addicted to drugs, and struggling with Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa. Many of these girls survived their purlieus and some did not. Was it something they were exposed to or was it something they were incline to? reputation or cheer, or perhaps it was a little of both. The Nature vs. Nurture theory has been argued, fought over and debated for centuries by such intellectuals as Plato, Aristotle, Shakespe be, and Darwin.The phrase Nature vs. Nurture has been attributed to Francis Galton, who was also the cousin of Charles Darwin.? Galton became an openly anti-Christian bigot. Galton wrote about prayer I do not propose any special inquiry whether the general laws of animal(prenominal) nature are ever changed in response to prayer whether, for instance, succe ss has attended the occasional prayers in the Liturgy when they have been used for rain, for fair weather, for the stilling of the ocean in a storm, or for the abatement of a pestilence.The modern feeling of this country is so opposed to a belief in the occasional hiatus of the general laws of nature that most English readers would smile at such an investigation. (Memories of My Life, Galton, Nabu Press, August 28, 2010) Nature vs. Nurture is an argument that, in all prob capacity, will neer be settled. I know that for me, I am no closer to a choice than I was when I started working with teenagers. Edward Shorter says this about the Nature-Nurture opinions Yet in the 1950s, advocates of psychoanalysis and community psychiatry argued that biology played virtually no role, that it was all nurture and no nature.So the argument that nature and nurture set up in some kind of Nature vs. Nurture 3 fifty-fifty relationship is already quite extreme from the view evince of thirty years ag o. whiz need not be an organic absolutist to place organic factors in their proper perspective Nature and Nurture intertwine. (A History of Psychiatry, 1997 E. Shorter pp 287) I bring forward I most agree with this assessment as I have seen both in action and I have seen both be preponderating in certain people.The nature theory is that we are all born with predisposed traits, such as personality, intelligence and even sexual orientation these traits are not influenced by the environs but biology. The nurture side or the Tabula Blanca (Blank Slate) is the theory that each of us is born with a Blank Slate and that our environment determines traits such as personality, intelligence, and sexual orientation. James Garbarino says this The question of whether bad behavior is preprogrammed genetically is one of the central controversies in child development.An informed starting point is to remember that child development requires the interplay of biology and society, the characteristi cs children bring with them into the world and the way the world treats them, nature and nurture. Sociobiology emphasizes a genetic origin for social behavior some characteristics promote survival, and thus reproduction, more than other characteristics. In contrast, what researchers Benjamin Pasamaniack calls social biology concentrates on the social origins of biological phenomena (e. g. , the impact of poverty on infant health).The key is that on that point are social implications of genetically based somebody behaviors the social impact of biologically rooted traits can affect the survival of individual people and groups of related people, and thus the likelihood that a particular genetic pattern will be passed along to surviving offspring. (Lost Boys, James Garbarino, Ph. D. Simon and Schuster Inc. , 1999 pp. 73-74) Nature vs. Nurture 4 In my thirty years of working with young teens I have experienced a variety of issues.One such as a family which had two daughters, both rais ed in the same environment, the oldest became a drug addict for many years. Throughout the years, the family went to several drug rehab centers, doctors, psychologists, and therapists. One doctor told the family that there was nothing anyone could do. When asked why, the doctor said She was predisposed to be this way This would be an argument for nature one struggling with dependence and the other not macrocosm affected. Both living in the same environment yet one, according to the doctors, was predisposed to addiction.This young lady found Jesus and He cleansed her from her drug addiction and she has been clean now for over 15 years. Jesus can clean up our predisposition and our nature. I met a young African-American man when he was in the 7th grade. He lived in the projects with his grand pay back, mother, sister, and younger brother, all in a three bedroom apartment. The father had left this family and they became poverty stricken. The difference was the mother She was fearless and wanted her children to use education to rise above their circumstances.This young man is now the assistant principal at a local gamey school. His family has moved out of the projects and both his sister and brother graduated from college. They did not allow their environment to dictate their future. However, I feel that their environment helped. Their mother was their environment not the projects. So was this family predisposed to make it out of the projects? Or was it the affect their mother had on them? I think that it was both. Nature vs. Nurture 5 In my experience there is no doubt that environment plays a huge part.That is because the environment is something we can see, its natural, you can look at a lieu and see what the surroundings are and make a thinker. With nature you cant really see it per say so it is harder to make a judgment on what really causes someone to act a certain way or become the person that they become. In our group home setting my economize and I did everything we possibly could do to make it a loving environment. These girls had never experienced unconditional love.I know that a loving environment has the ability to change people. No matter what has gone on before in their lives. Not every person we loved on made it. Recently my husband and I were watching the evening news and heard a report of a prostitute being arrested downtown for stabbing a man.When her name was devoted it was a young lady that had lived in our home and my husband and I had tried to adopt. I believe that I am more of a nurture person than a nature person. I believe that nurture can change nature, if that is even possible. Peter tells us in 2 Peter 14, so that through them you may become partakers of the divine nature (ESV). He prefaces that by saying in verse three that Jesus has given us everything that pertains to life and godliness.I know that for many of these teens we worked with what they needed was not just love and nurture but they needed to b e made partakers of the divine nature. Nature and Nurture, intertwined together. Nature vs. Nurture 6 References Galton, Francis, Memories of My Life, Nabu Press, August 28, 2010. Shorter, Edward, A History of Psychiatry From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac, 1997, John Wiley and Sons Inc. Publisher. Garbarino, James, Ph. D. Lost Boys Why Our Sons Turn godforsaken and How We Can Save Them, 1999, The Free Press, a Division of Simon and Schuster Inc.Publisher The Holy Bible, English Standard Version (2008) Crossway a publishing ministry of Good intelligence Publishers. FINAL PAPER GRADING RUBRIC.

Lennie & George in Of Mice & Men Essay Example for Free

Lennie George in Of Mice Men EssayIn the story Of Mice Men, toilette Steinbeck creates a pair of non-U companionship as the storys main character. This pair of companionship, George and Lennie is very(prenominal) different from each other, nothing a interchangeable, no matter talking about their figures, mortalality, IQ, etc, except that they both run away the same Ameri rat dream as they spend their hard days traveling together and working in the ranch.Lennie is envisioned as organism child interchangeable. He looks up on George as a parental figure Lennies lips quivered and tears started in his eyes. Lennie seek reassurance from George like a child does from their parents. He displays the excitement of a child Tell me about the rabbits, George. Tell me about the rabbits.Steinbeck suggests that Lennies dependent on George and that we all need companionship even if the relationship is unequal.Not that is Lennie portrayed as being childlike, but excessively very forget ful I forgot, tried not to forget. Honest to god I did George. Lennie eer gets in trouble, and always needs George to help him out. Course you did. Well, look Lennie if you jus happen to get in trouble like u always done before, I want you to put in right here and hide in the bush. Not only does he make himself in trouble but also gives trouble to George An whatta I got, I got you You cant keep a job and you lose me ever job I get.Steinbeck wants to give the readers a hint or preparation that a earnest event is going to occur with Lennie, he also wants to convey that although Lennie is big, it doesnt mean that he has a big brain nor can he be nonparasitic and look after himself.Lennie is also being put in a character with characteristics like an animal His huge companion dropped his blankets and flung himself down and drank from the green pool drank with long gulps, snorting into the water like a horse. Lennie enjoys keeping mice, but as a result always kills it They were so l ittle, Id pet them, and pretty presently they bit my fingers and I pinch they heads a little and they was dead because they were so little.Steinbeck wants to show that a big man also has a sensitive side, and that being strong also has disadvantages, especially for Lennie who enjoys to pet mice and as a result kills it very quickly due to his big, strong eliminates.Lennies physique is described by Steinbeck as being big, strong looking, but is also described to have body parts in which imitating an animal A huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, biased shoulders and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. Although Lennie is very immature, but he is a very helpful and great worker Say, you authentic was right about him. Maybe he aint bright, but I never seen such a worker.He damn near killed his partner buckinbarley. There aint nobody can keep up with him. God, awmighty I never seen such a strong guy.Steinbck points o ut that even an immature, childish man like Lennie with low IQ, can also work better than a normal man, and that we should always give a chance to people like Lennie to work like a normal person with no prejudice against them.Lennie is a very simple minded man, and does whatsoever George tellshim to do. He never thinks for himself and wont bother to rate if it was dangerous or not, he simply safe does as he says, like master and servant Tell you what made me stop that One day a bunch of guys were standin rough Sacramento River.I was feelinpretty smart. I turned to Lennie and says Jump in and he jumps, couldnt swim a stroke. He damned near drowned before we could get him. Not only does Lennie always listen to Georges demands, but he also never rejects him and never dares to argue with him. He never got mad with it neither. Ive beat the hell outa him, and he could let out every bone in me just with his one han, but he never lifted a finger against me.Steinbeck expresses to reader s that Lennie looks up at George at a higher status, like an idol and believes that whatever George tells him to do, isfor his own good, which is why he listens to George not minding if it is dangerous or not.Where as the other main character in the story Of Mice Men, known as George, is totally different from Lennie. George is suggested to protect Lennie too much, and that he doesnt let Lennie talk when he is suppose to. When he sells Lennie too much, people might mistaken that George is hiding something about Lennie. Then why dont you let him answer? What you trying to put over?. George also uses a special proficiency to make Lennie listen to him, from this technique he gives pressure to Lennie so that he ordain always keep Georges words in mind. But you aint gonna get in no trouble, because if you do, I wont let you tend the rabbits.Steinbeck points out that George is protecting Lennie too much, and that he should always let him try and let him communicate more, socialize more and approach the outside world more, or else he would depend on George too much and takes it as an advantage.George is also suggested to be smart, and has a upsurge of common sense. He uses his sensitive sensitivity to teach and lead Lennie to the right track Tastes all right, dont really seem to be running though. You never oughta plight water when it aint running, Lennie. Not only is George sensitive but he is also very smart in the ability to judge correctly You never had none, you fruity bastard. I got both of em here. Think I let you carry your own work card?Steinbeck shows the readers that it is an advantage for Lennie to be looked after by George, for George has the power to untie him from troubles he makes, and knows whats best for him. Steinbeck also tells the readers, that the people with the same problems as Lennie should always be helped and be guided to the right way, instead of being discriminated.George also gets very fed up with Lennie sometimes, having to escape with Lennie from the troubles Lennie has caused from time to time. God amighty, if I was to live alone I could live so easy. I could get a job andwork, and no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want. But on the other hand, he also cares a lot about Lennies feelings, and always persuades him to think towards the positive side when Lennie is depressed. Aw, Lennie I aint pickings it away jus for meanness. That mouse aint fresh, Lennie and besides, youve broke it pettin it. You get another mouse thats fresh and Ill let you keep it a while.Steinbeck suggests that in order to be companionships, we will have to care for one and anothers feelings, Steinbeck also coveys that there arent any perfect pair of companionship, for there has to be arguments between people, since humans are born with these characteristics.George having to be a trustworthy companionship with Lennie, always believes in his partne r no matter what happens. He will always trust Lennie for whatever he does, and the decisions he makes. Lennie never done it in meanness. All the time he done bad things, but never done one of them mean. George makes the relationship between Lennie and him like a family, George tells Lennie about their dreams, and how they are different to other people, as if its going to come true. George gives hope to Lennie making him feel better and have a prat so that he wont feel that he is working for nothing and that they are working to make their dream come true. But not us An why? Because because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and thats why.Steinbeck tells the readers that although these low-class workers are poor and lonely, they havent got a stable home. But George and Lennie are different. For they carry a hope, a dream. This is why George and Lennie are never lonely. Steinbeck also suggests that an American dream in those days, does not come true easily .Overall I think that John Steinbeck wants us to know that we should use Lennie and George as an example to how we should treat people with the same problems as Lennie is facing. Instead of discriminating them, we should always give them a hand of trust to help them. John Steinbeck also suggeststhat although Lennie may have mental problems, but from this information, it doesnt mean that Lennie is useless. He may be stupid, but he is very hard working and may be better than most normal workers working in the ranch. John Steinbeck also wants us to know that although people like Lennie often creates serious problems due to his stupidity, this doesnt suggest that he can use his low IQ, and stupidity as an excuse to not face the problem and just find another job, not caring what he had done before.

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy: Case Study

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy Case StudyCase Study 1 (Phillip)BackgroundPhillip is displaying multiple adverse psychological symptoms that would best work the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Specifically Phillip is a compulsive washer as he maintains a proud level of cleanliness, having showers up to third times a day. He also only eats frozen food in order to avoid contamination and organises his furniture, making sure that they atomic number 18 all perpendicular to the wall. These compulsions atomic number 18 repetitive, purposeful behaviours designed to prevent or reduce anxiety (De Silva, 2003). Some, if not most, of Phillips anxiety arises from the intrusive idea of incisive his m another(prenominal) which has sustain a clinical obsession because he studys that the aspect has personal signifi force outce and meaning. This may be because Phillip has an inflated sense of office and so believes that he is responsible for preventing the intrusive t hought from actually happening (Rheaume et al., 1994). This has led to Phillip avoiding plurality, his Mother especially, but this has only increase the frequency and severity of his compulsions. It appears that Phillip is stuck in a vicious cycle of his obsessions and his compulsions feeding off one another and so intervention leave alone be needed in order to military service him. abstractive FrameworkThere are two central aspects of OCD, the cognitive aspects which include intrusive thoughts, obsessions and cognitive distortions, and the behavioural aspect of compulsions. In cognitive theory, intrusive thoughts (e.g. I want to stab my mother) occur freeally and usually pick out no emotional signifi shadowce but can take on significance, depending on the mount in which intrusions happen (England Dickerson, 1988). Such thoughts are very common and have been reported to occur in almost 90% of the population (Rachman de Silva, 1978) but at a time an individual deems these th oughts as prodigious it can cause distress and the belief that they are personally responsible for preventing the thought from actually happening. The distress caused by high levels of perceived responsibility has been order in multiple studies (Shafran, 1997 Roper Rachman 1975) as obsessional patients felt a lot more uncomfortable performing checking rituals when they were on their receive and calmer when the therapist was there as the patient felt less responsibility. This sense of responsibility is associated with twain worry (Wells Papageorgiou, 1998) and OC symptoms (Salkovskis et al., 2000a). Specifically, the lowering of responsibility is associated with a significant drop in discomfort and need to check (Lopatka Rachman, 1995). One explanation for inflated responsibility is the thought-action fusion (TAF) theory which suggests that obsessions occur in people who believe that persuasion slightly a disturbing event is the same as doing it and that having an intrusive t hought is morally equivalent to acting on said thought (Rachman, 1993 Shafran, Thordarson Rachman, 1996). TAF is an example of thinking errors outlined by Beck (1976) which are used by most people all the time but can be destructive when thinking errors become central to thought processes (Nisbett Ross, 1980). The most prevalent thinking error in those with OCD is that having any influence over the outcome means that you are responsible for the outcome.Due to the distress caused by the appraisal of intrusive thoughts, individuals conduct to scratch off the anxiety caused through mental reassurance and overt compulsions (such as washing and checking) (Salkovskis, 1985). as yet attempts to neutralise the thought can sustain and potentially increase responsibility beliefs and the occurrence of intrusive thoughts. A common type of neutralising behaviour which is present in Phillips outcome is compulsive washing. Almost 50% of patients with OCD are compulsive washers (APA, 1994) a nd it is even more common in childhood cases of OCD like Phillips with 85% of young patients displaying washing rituals (Swedo et al., 1989b). It has been suggested that one of the main attributes of compulsive washers is perfectionism (Tallis, 1996). Tallis claims that most compulsive washers do not exhibit such behaviour because they are come to about contamination or illness, instead they are more concerned with maintaining their environment perfectly and thus feeling fully in run into. Research has found that there is a significant link between perfectionism and OCD in general, not just in compulsive washing (Bouchard et al., 1999). As Phillip appears to be displaying the perfectionist personality trait, it is authorized to consider this in therapy.As perfectionism has been found to correlate with depressive symptoms (Enns Cox, 1999 Flett et al., 1991) it is possible that a negative mood may be a factor in Phillips thinking errors. The mood-as-input theory (Martin et al., 19 93) suggests that people use their mood as a factor to decide whether or not they have completed a task. When people are in a positive mood they are more likely to take their affect as a sign that they are progressing in a task and achieving more (Hirt et al., 1996). Whereas those in a negative mood experience the opposite and interpret their mood to mean that they havent progressed overflowing and so must continue with the task (Schwarz Bless, 1991 Frijda, 1988). This may occur because people in negative moods have been found to process tasks more extensively than those in positive moods (Mackie Worth, 1989). This is a significant theory for Phillips case as individuals with OCD tend to use internal states that are difficult to achieve such as having a gut feeling to help them decide when to stop compulsive behaviour (Salkovskis, 1998). They therefore have stricter personal requirements for making decisions and so what should be an automatic decision becomes a strategic one and the strict criteria have to be met before anxiety is reduced and the compulsive behaviour can stop (Salkovskis et al., 2000a). line of work FormulationPhillip presents all of the issues outlined in the theoretical framework which will act as the foundations for intervention. Figure 1 shows the main aspects of Phillips case and highlights his rules for life and the cycle in which he is trapped.From the information given in Phillips case, it appears as though the bottom line of his psychology is I have to have full control over every aspect of my life which may have been caused by authoritarian parenting (Timpano et al., 2010) or childhood trauma (Lochner et al., 2002) which have both been found to significantly correlate with OCD symptoms. Whilst there isnt enough information about Phillips childhood to speculate if such things have happened to him, these are factors to conduct in mind during treatment. This strict bottom line in Phillips life has led to certain maladaptive rules o f living including his perfectionism (control over actions) and inflated responsibility (control over thoughts and feelings). He also has a generally negative mood as an input to his thought processes because he can never fully pay the strict standards that he sets himself.Then, when Phillip was a teenager he began experiencing intrusive thoughts about stabbing his mother. Such intrusive thoughts are not usually enough to trigger off anxiety but due to Phillips rules of living, he finds personal meaning in the thought and feels responsible for preventing the thought from happening. This triggers anxiety and so he seeks to neutralise the thought through compulsive washing, arranging furniture and socially isolating himself. When these neutralising behaviours reduce his anxiety it reinforces Phillips thinking errors, his rules of living and his bottom line. Thus, when his anxiety is triggered once again he repeats the behaviour and so Phillip is trapped in a cycle of his compulsion s and obsessions reinforcing one another.Figure 1. Problem Formation flow chart for PhillipTreatment handlingPhillips treatment can start with cognitive therapy aiming to focus and condition his thinking errors and inflated sense of responsibility. At the same time as this Phillip can take part in collection therapy designed specifically to treat perfectionists. After these treatments and once Phillip feels ready to, he can move on to impression and response prevention (ERP) utilize virtual reality to simulate dirty and contaminated environments. This will help him to control his compulsions and get him out of the obsessive-compulsive cycle.For Phillip, cognitive therapy will start by focussing on the distinction between intrusive thoughts and his negative appraisal of those thoughts. As outlined by Menzies and de Silva (2003), this begins by asking patients to reflect upon the last time they had an intrusive thought and what their behavioural reaction was to this thought. Phil lip will then be encouraged to recognise that it was not the thought itself that cause his subsequent behaviour but how he interpreted the thought. It is important that the client understands the distinction between his intrusions and their appraisal before moving on to set ahead intervention as it may otherwise confuse them. Next, Phillip taught about how common intrusive thoughts can be, to help him dismiss any feelings of shame or sin that he may be feeling. It is suggested by Salkovskis (1999) that patients should be encouraged to view intrusive thoughts as a potentially positive and useful occurrence that can help with problem solving and foresight. The goal of this is not to eliminate their intrusions but to help them feel more positive by normalising them. Phillip is also encouraged to modify his responsibility appraisals in order to reduce his inflated sense of responsibility. Van Oppen Arntz (1994) found that even when people with OCD understand how unlikely it is that t heir intrusive thoughts will become reality, they continue to show compulsive behaviours because they feel a sense of responsibility to stop it from happening. Van Oppen Arntz (1994) suggest creating a pie chart with patients that they can divide up to represent the importance of factors that may contribute to a feared outcome. Once Phillip assigns percentage values to each factor he will be able to find out that his role of responsibility is much smaller than he originally thought. This technique will help Phillip to reassess the overestimation of his responsibility and realise the importance of other uncontrollable factors.Whilst undergoing cognitive therapy Phillip will join group therapy to help him with his perfectionism. Ferguson and Rodway (1994) outlined a group therapy programme for perfectionism establish on cognitive-behavioural theory. This programme will aim to help Phillip understand the problems that can arise from perfectionism and what strategies can be used in or der to change his perfectionist way of thinking. The therapy will also be based on the outline provided by Kutlesa and Arthur (2007) which applies a psycho-educational approach to perfectionism, using interpersonal theory (Yalom,1995) as the psychological component which will ask Phillip and others in the group to focus on the present rather than worrying about the future. The educational component will use elements of cognitive-behavioural theory (Ellis, 1991 Beck, 1993) to teach the group about the thinking errors involved in perfectionism and skills to cope with and change these thinking errors.Once Phillip has made progress in both treatments and feels ready for the next step he will move on to ERP as a treatment for his compulsive behaviour. Firstly, Phillip will be steadily and gradually exposed to environmental triggers. He will frame a list of situations in which he could be contaminated, started with the one that makes him the least anxious and working his way up to the wo rst. Most ERP treatments ask participants to experience these situations each through images or in vivo but a new method of virtual reality (VR) is being used in the treatment of OCD and it has been found to be effective (Kim et al., 2009 Belloch et al., 2014). Using VR, Phillip will then be exposed to the items on his list one by one, experiencing each one repeatedly until anxiety is altogether reduced and Phillip is ready for the next item. Another aspect of this treatment is response prevention which aims to help patients control their compulsions in advance of triggering events (Meyer et al., 1974). This involves strategies such as using alternative behaviours and modifying compulsive rituals which can be integrated into the VR exposure. This treatment aims to expose Phillip to his triggers in a safe way reducing his anxiety for those situations and learning to control his compulsions in the process.EvaluationUsing cognitive and behavioural treatments together is crucial for P hillips intervention as they both deal with either the obsessions and the thinking errors or the compulsions but not both. If only one of these elements is dealt with then it is likely that the other will return. Whilst cognitive therapy has been found to be potentially effective on its own (Cottraux et al., 2001) studies have found that when ERP is combined with cognitive therapy it produces lower dropout rates, greater general coping and decreased obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Kyrios et al., 2001 Freeston et al., 1997). A major aspect of Phillips case that wasnt dealt with in cognitive-behavioural therapy that was not covered was his perfectionism. Research has found that CBT doesnt significantly reduce perfectionist symptoms (Egan Hine, 2008) whereas Richards etal. (1993) found lower scores on perfectionism and depression scales and increased levels of self-reported wellbeing and self-esteem in response to group therapy. The incorporation of VR is a modern approach to ERP but i t is one that is becoming very popular in the treatment of many anxiety disorders (Kim et al., 2009) and has been found to be as effective as in vivo exposure (Belloch et al., 2014).One aspect that wasnt addressed in Phillips treatment is that of his family. As mentioned earlier it is possible that authoritarian parenting (Timpano et al., 2010) or childhood trauma (Lochner et al., 2002) could be involved in Phillips case as these are common causes of childhood OCD. There are family-based therapies that are shown to be effective in these cases (Lebowitz, 2013) but there wasnt enough information about Phillips family to make such assumptions. If, in therapy, similar issues are revealed then family-based therapy may be very useful for Phillip. Also, little attention was given to biologic factors even though pharmacological treatments are very effective in the treatment of OCD (Abramowitz, 1997 de Haan et al., 1997). This is because it would only tackle Phillips symptoms whereas cognit ive therapy with ERP and group therapy will help Phillip to understand his rules of living, his bottom line, and how to potentially change or cope with this.References

Effects of Drowning on the Body

Effects of Drowning on the BodyAc pileing to the new definition adopted by the WHO in 2002, Drowning is the mathematical operation of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid. Drowning is defined as death from asphyxia that occurs within the first 24 hours of submersion in water. beloved drowning refers to survival that lasts beyond 24 hours after a submersion episode. Hence, it connotes an immersion episode of sufficient severity to warrant medical attention that whitethorn trail to morbidity and death. Drowning is, by definition, fatal, but near drowning whitethorn likewise be fatal. (2)Drowning is the seventh jumper lead ca social function of accidental death in the United States. though the exact incidence in India stern only be a crude estimate, one keeps coming across incidences of drowning fatalities. Many boating accidents lead to fatalities, perchance due to concomitant accidental injuries or trapping in submerged boat. Motor vehicle a ccidents with a fall in streams or ponds are also being reported with similar settings.Drowning can also occur in scuba divers but may be associated with cardiac event or arterial liquid embolism. Other possibilities to be kept in mind include hypothermia, colly breathing gas, oxygen induced seizures.Even community locomote pool and home bathtubs and buckets are known to be adequate for young children to drown accidentally. Majority of much(prenominal) events are due to unsupervised swimming, esp in shallow pools or pools with inadequate refuge measures. One look for features of closed head accidental injury or occult bonk fractures while prudence of much(prenominal) cases. Intentional hyperventilation before breath-hold diving is associated with drowning episodes.(3)Weak swimmers judgeing to rescue other someones may themselves be at risk of drowning. Males are more likely than females to be manifold in submersion injuries. This is consistent with increased risk-taking behavior in boys, especially in adolescence.(4)CAUSES OF DROWNINGAlcohol consumption, which impairs coordination and judgementFailure to observe water safety rules e.g. having no life preserver or unsupervised swimming.Sustaining a head and neck injury while involved with a water sportBoating accidents labour or exhaustion, muscle and stomach crampsDiving accidents including scuba divingMedical event while in the water e.g. seizure, stroke, and heart attackSuicide attemptIllicit drug useIncapacitating marine animal bite or stingEntanglement in underwater growthDrowning and near-drowning events must be thought of as primary versus alternate events. Secondary causes of drowning include seizures, head or spine trauma, cardiac arrhythmias, hypothermia, syncope, apnea, and hypoglycemia.PATHOPHYSIOLOGYDrowning occurs when a person is submerged in water. The of import physiologic consequences of immersion injury are prolonged hypoxemia and acidosis, as a way out of immersion in any fa cile medium. The most most-valuable share to morbidity and mortality resulting from near drowning is hypoxemia and its consequent metabolic effects.Immersion may produce panic with its respiratory responses or may produce breath memory in the individual. Beyond the breakpoint for breath-hold, the victim reflexly attempts to breathe and extracts water. Asphyxia leads to relaxation of the airway, which permits the lungs to take in water in many individuals (wet drowning). Approximately 10-15% of individuals beat water-induced muscle spasm of the air passage, laryngospasm, which is maintained until cardiac arrest occurs and inspiratory efforts have ceased. These victims do not aspirate any appreciable nomadic (dry drowning). It is still controversial whether such a drowning occurs or not.(5)Wet drowning is caused by inhaling large amounts of water into the lungs. Wet drowning in fresh water differs from sodium chloride water drowning in terms of the weapon for causing suffocat ion. However, in both cases water inhalation leads to footing to the lungs and interfere with the bodys ability to exchange gases. If fresh water is inhaled, it passes from the lungs to the kindstream and destroys red blood cells. If salt water is inhaled, the salt causes liquid from the body to enter the lung tissue displacing the air.The pathophysiology of near drowning is intimately related to the multiorgan effects secondary to hypoxemia and ischemic acidosis. Depending upon the head of hypoxemia and resultant acidosis, the person may develop cardiac arrest and central aflutter system ( central nervous system) ischemia.CNS damage may occur because of hypoxemia sustained during the drowning episode per se or may occur secondarily because of pulmonary damage and subsequent hypoxemia. Additional CNS insult may result from concomitant head or spinal cord injury.Although differences observed between freshwater and saltwater ambitiousnesss in electrolyte and fluid imbalances are often discussed, they rarely of clinical significance for people experiencing near drowning. Most perseverings aspirate less than 4 ml/kg of fluid. 11 ml/kg is required for alterations in blood al-Quran, and more than 22 ml/kg of aspiration is required before significant electrolyte changes develop. Regardless, most patients are hypovolemic at presentation because of increased capillary permeableness from hypoxia resulting in enquireinesses of fluid from the intravascular compartment. Hyponatremia may develop from s palisadeowing large amounts of fresh water.The temperature of the water, not the patient, determines whether the submersion is categorized as a cold or warm drowning. Warm-water drowning occurs at a temperature greater than or equal to 20C, cold-water drowning occurs in water temperatures less than 20C, and very cold-water drowning refers to temperatures less than or equal to 5C. Hypothermia reduces the persons ability to respond to immersion, finally leading to h elplessness or unconsciousness.Pulmonary EffectsAspiration of only 1-3 ml/kg of fluid can result in significantly impaired gas exchange. Fresh water moves rapidly across the alveolar-capillary membrane into the microcirculation. It causes disruption of alveolar surfactant, producing alveolar instability, atelectasis, and decreased compliance with marked ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatching. As much as 75% of blood flow may circulate through hypoventilated lungs which acts as a shunt.Salt water, which is hyperosmolar, increases the osmotic gradient, and therefore draws fluid into the alveoli. Surfactant washout occurs, and protein-rich fluid exudates rapidly into the alveoli and pulmonary interstitium. Compliance is reduced, alveolar-capillary basement membrane is damaged instanter, and shunt occurs. This results in rapid induction of serious hypoxia.Both mechanisms cause pronounced injury to the alveoli/capillary unit resulting in pulmonary edema. Fluid-induced bronchospasm also may contribute to hypoxia. Increased airway resistance secondary to plugging of the patients airway with debris (vomitus, sand, silt, diatoms, or algae), as well as release of inflammatory mediators, result in vasoconstriction and reactive exudation, which impairs gas exchange. A high risk of death exists secondary to the development of pornographic respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which has been termed postimmersion syndrome or secondary drowning. Late effects include pneumonia, abscess formation, and inflammatory damage to alveolar capillary membranes. Postobstructive pulmonary edema following laryngeal spasm and hypoxic neuronal injury with resultant neurogenic pulmonary edema also may play roles.Cardiovascular EffectsHypovolemia is secondary to fluid losses from increased capillary permeability. Profound hypotension may occur during and after the initial resuscitation period. Ischemic metabolic acidosis due to lactic acid accumulation impairs cardiac function. This may of ten be a large component especially when the victim struggles violently trying to save himself. In addition, hypoxemia may directly damage the myocardium. Myocardial dysfunction result from ventricular dysrhythmias and asystole, change magnitude cardiac railroad siding. Pulmonary hypertension may result from the release of pulmonary inflammatory mediators, which increase the beneficial ventricular afterload, thus decreasing contractility.CNS EffectsIf hypoxemia and decreased cardiac output persists long enough, anoxic brain damage can ensue. Improvement in the management of pulmonary dysfunction caused by near drowning has left CNS injury the major determiner of subsequent survival and long-term morbidity.HypothermiaThermal conduction of water is 25-30 times that of air. The temperature of thermally neutral water, in which a nude individuals heat production balances heat loss, is 33C. sensible exertion increases heat loss secondary to convection/conduction. A significant risk of hypothermia usually develops in water temperatures less than 25C.Other EffectsThe clinical course may be complicated by multiple organ failure resulting from prolonged hypoxia. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, hepatic and renal insufficiency, metabolic acidosis, and gastrointestinal injuries must be considered and appropriately managed.CLINICAL FEATURES (6) storyAll aspects leading to the submersion episode should be determined. Most patients are found after having been submerged in water for an unobserved period. Rarely does a patient present with the classic story of a novice swimmer stranded in water, frantically struggling and flapping arms in desperation. It is important to extract certain relevant factors in the beginning of resuscitative efforts, which include submersion time, associated trauma (especially cervical spine and head), drug or intoxicant ingestion, type of water, degree of water contamination, water temperature, and response to initial resuscitation ma neuvers.Pertinent past medical history must be obtained to look for secondary causes of drowning, particularly trauma, seizures, cardiac disease, syncope, exhaustion, alcohol and drug use, hypothermia, diabetes mellitus, psychiatric history with suicidal tendencies or panic disorder, woeful neuromuscular control such as severe arthritis or neuromuscular disorder.Physical ExaminationThe clinical presentation of people who experience submersion injuries varies greatly. A victim of a submersion incident may be classified ab initio into one of the following four groupsa) Asymptomaticb) Symptomatic, manifesting with altered vital signs (eg, hypothermia, tachycardia, bradycardia)Anxious appearanceTachypnea, dyspnea, or hypoxiaMetabolic acidosis (may exist in asymptomatic patients as well)Altered level of consciousness, neurologic deficit.Vomiting.c) Cardiopulmonary arrest, manifesting asApneaAsystole, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, bradycardiaImmersion syndromed) Obviously de ad, as noted byNormothermic with asystoleApneaNo apparent CNS functionRigor mortisDependent lividityThe following clinical conditions need to be excludedSpinal Cord InjuriesHead traumaCardiac ArrhythmiasSeizuresLaboratory workupAn electrocardiogram is indicated if there is evidence of significant tachycardia, bradycardia, or dysrhythmia or risk of underlying cardiac disease. Arterial blood gas analysis is probably the most good clinical parameter in patients who are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. A surprising degree of hypoxia can exist without clinical signs.Draw blood for serum glucose levels, complete blood cell count, serum electrolyte levels, liver enzymes, lactate level, and coagulation profile, if indicated. Continuous pulse oximetry and cardiorespiratory supervise may be needed. vanity radiography should be done for evidence of aspiration, pulmonary edema, or seg cordial atelectasis suggesting foreign body aspiration.Acute renal impairment is known to occur frequentl y in near drowning, and while usually mild, severe renal impairment requiring dialysis may occur. If initial tests show elevated serum creatinine, marked metabolic acidosis, defective urinalysis, or significant lymphocytosis, serial estimations of serum creatinine should be performed.Cervical spine radiograph or computerized tomography (CT) scanning is helpful in individuals with history of trauma, neck pain, or if doubt exists about the circumstances surrounding the submersion injury. Non contrast head CT scanning is helpful in an individual with altered mental status and a suggestive or unclear history of head trauma.TreatmentPre Hospital anxietyOptimal pre-hospital care is the most significant determinant of outcome in the management of immersion victims. The patient should be removed from water at the earliest opportunity. If spinal trauma is suspected the individual should be moved the least amount possible, with attention to cervical spine stabilization.The primary aims of t reatment of the near drowning cases should be in the order of priority, as below.(7)Effective neighboring(a) relief of hypoxia.Restoration of cardiovascular stability.Prevention of heat loss.Speedy evacuation to hospital.As in any rescue initiative, initial treatment should be pitch toward ensuring patency of the airway, breathing, and circulation. Initiate rescue breathing immediately, if feasible even while the patient is still in the water. Chest compressions are not effective in the water and waste valuable time. The Heimlich maneuver has not been shown to be effective in removing aspirated water. In the patient with an altered mental status, the airway should be check up on for foreign material and vomitus and debris visible in the oropharynx should be removed with a finger-sweep maneuver. Higher pressures may be required for ventilation because of the poor compliance resulting from pulmonary edema. Supplemental 100% oxygen by conceal should be administered as soon as avail able. The degree of hypoxemia may be concentrated to determine on clinical observation. Begin rewarming wet clothing is ideally removed before the victim is wrapped in warming blankets.Hospital Care (7-9)Even those victims who appear normal on arrival at hospital can deteriorate rapidly. An accurate and rapid initial assessment of the victim is essentialInitial management of near drowning should place emphasis on basic life support algorithms and on immediate resuscitation and treatment of respiratory failure, with establishment of an adequate airway and cardiorespiratory resuscitation, if necessary. Associated injuries must be considered, as in any other form of accidental injury. suppose potential spinal injuries, especially in diving accidents. The need for hospitalization is determined on clinical evaluation. Provide all victims of a submersion injury with supplemental oxygen during their evaluations. Noninvasive continuous pulse oximetry is valuable. Patients with entirely normal findings on examination and trivial history may be dismissd after a 6-hour observational period.Admit any patient with respiratory symptoms, altered oxygenation by pulse oximetry or blood gas analysis, or altered mental status. The most critical role in management is impel correction of hypoxemia and acidosis.Immediate use of supplemental oxygen with laryngeal mask or other devices achieving high fractional inspired oxygen should be instituted. Consider intubation and mechanical ventilation in any patient with poor respiratory effort, altered sensorium, severe hypoxemia, severe acidosis, significant respiratory distress, if a patient is unable to maintain a PaO2 of greater than 60-70 mm Hg (80 mm Hg in children) on 100% oxygen by face mask or PaCO2 is 45 mm Hg. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may be indicated in awake individuals unable to maintain adequate oxygenation on oxygen, by mask or via continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or in whom airway protection is warranted.Intubated victims of submersion injury may require 5-10cm pee PEEP may improve oxygenationpositive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) with mechanical ventilation to maintain adequate oxygenation. PEEP has been shown to improve ventilation patterns in the resistive lung in several ways, including 1) shifting interstitial pulmonary water into the capillaries, 2) increasing lung volume via prevention of expiratory airway collapse, 3 providing better alveolar ventilation and decreasing capillary blood flow, and 4) increasing the diameter of both small and large airways to improve distribution of ventilation.Pulmonary insufficiency due to drowning may warrant use of surfactant, though its efficacy to be used routinely in all cases has not been demonstrated.Bronchoscopy may be necessary for removal of significant inhaled foreign bodies, such as water debris or aspirated foodIntravascular volume depletion is common, secondary to pulmonary edema and intracompartmental fluid shifts, regardless of the type of fluid aspirated. Rapid volume expansion may be indicated using isotonic saline. Ventricular dysrhythmias (typically, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation), bradycardia, and asystole may occur as a result of acidosis and hypoxemia, rather than due to electrolyte imbalances. Inotropic support may be required using dopamine or dobutamine. Central venous pressure monitoring may be warranted.Most acidosis is restored after correction of volume depletion and oxygenation. Sodium bicarbonate may be administered in cases of severe acidosis that do not correct using the higher up measures, but only administer it after adequate ventilation has been established.Most immersion victims become hypothermic gradually and are at risk for ventricular fibrillation and neurologic injury. Re-warming method is dependent on the degree of hypothermia and the patients response. Aggressively rewarm hypothermic patients to restore normal body temperature . Core rewarming with warmed oxygen, continuous bladder lavage with fluid at 40C, and intravenous infusion of isotonic fluids at 40C should be initiated during resuscitation. Warm peritoneal lavage may be required for warmheartedness rewarming in severely hypothermic patients.Place a nasogastric tube for removal of swallowed water and debris and to assist in rewarming efforts. Urinary catheterization for ongoing urine output measurement may be warranted to assess urine output. The benefits of resuscitative efforts should be continuously reassessed in such situations.Initiate appropriate treatment of hypoglycemia and other electrolyte imbalances, seizures, bronchospasm, cold-induced bronchorrhea, dysrhythmias and hypotension as necessary.Corticosteroids have been shown to be of no benefit in the management of near drowning. Routine antibiotic prophylaxis is not indicated unless the patient was submerged in grossly contaminated water or sewage.Patient disposal depends on the history, presence of associated injuries, and degree of immersion injury. Victims, who only have mild symptoms that improve during observation and have no abnormalities on arterial blood gas studies or pulse oximetry and chest radiograph, should be observed for a more prolonged period of time in the emergency department (about 6 hours). Certain patients may display mild to moderately severe hypoxemia that is corrected easily with oxygen. Admit these patients to the hospital for observation and discharge only after resolution of hypoxemia, if they have no further complications. All patients requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation should be admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Varying degrees of neurologic as well as pulmonary insults typically complicate their courses.COMPLICATIONSImmediate complications are secondary to hypoxia and acidosis. The immediate threat is the effect on the cardiovascular system. Hypoxia and acidosis may lead to cardiac dysrhythmias, including ventricular f ibrillation and asystole. Myocardial damage may lead to cardiogenic shock. Monitor and maintain intravascular volume and blood pressure. Central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring is useful in those patients requiring intensive care.Aspiration of fresh or salt water alters the function of surfactant, causing injury to the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. Increased capillary permeability can worsen the hypoxia. Continuous pulse oximetry is useful. The early use of supplemental oxygen with high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure is helpful in reversing hypoxemia.Central nervous system effects depend on the severity and duration of hypoxia. Post hypoxic cerebral hypo perfusion may occur. Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension secondary to hypoxic neuronal injury is frequently observed, but studies have shown that invasive monitoring of intracranial pressure is neither useful nor necessary in near-drowning incidents.Near-drowning patients frequently develop pneumonia, ofte n due to secondary bacterial infections. Whether prophylactic antibiotics are beneficial is still controversial. Chemical pneumonitis also is not infrequent, especially if the submersion occurs in chlorinated or severely contaminated pools.PROGNOSISThe most significant impact on morbidity and mortality occurs before the patient arrives at the hospital. The prognosis is related directly to the duration and magnitude of hypoxia. Poor survival is associated with the need for continued cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts on arrival to the hospital. Many survivors have long-term neurologic sequelae. If they recover from the pulmonary effects of the submersion, patients who are fully awake on arrival to the hospital generally do very well. Neuro-protective effects only seem to occur if the hypothermia occurs at the time of submersion and only with very rapid cooling in water less than 5C.PREVENTIONIn most instances, drowning and near drowning can be prevented with simple safety measures and common sense. Most young children enter a swimming pool directly adjacent to their home or one with inadequate fencing or unlatched gates or doors.Adult supervision is essential in the prevention of drowning. Because lapses of supervision are inevitable, other safety precautions must be in place. The use of adequate fencing around swimming pools decreases the number of immersion injuries significantly. The enclosure may be a wall or fence at least 4 feet tall that completely surrounds a pool on all four sides. Doors and gates to the pool should be self-closing and self-latching.The use of personal flotation devices may reduce the incidence of drowning among children when playing in natural bodies of water or when boating.Pool owners should be trained on basic life support.Both children and adults should be instructed to never swim alone or unsupervised.Alcohol and drugs should not be used when operating or horseback riding in motorized watercraft.

Islam and terrorism

Islam and terrorist actINTRODUCTIONWhen the terrorists attacked the unify raises on the morning of kinfolk 11, 2001, they set in motion a sequence of events that demonstrated unequivo bodey the power and influence ofterrorism. Less than two hours of unimaginable fierceness by nineteen terrorists led to repercussions felt around the mankind. Beyond the death and destruction that the terrorists ca utilise more(prenominal) than 3,000 people were killed in the suicide attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. They alike inflicted a deep psychological wound upon fall in States and the rest of the world.1Although the United States had experienced major terrorist attacks on its soil in the past, including the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center and the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, the kinsfolktember 11 attacks were beyond most peoples worst nightmargon. Hijacked planes crashing into U.S. landmarks and live television coverage of the twin towers of the World Trade Center collapsing images that pass on likely be etch in angiotensin converting enzymes sound judgement forever.The tragedy of September 11, 2001, has revealed the roots of deep planetary contradictions that threaten the world community and indeed life itself on planet Earth. This enactment of unprecedented terror against thousands of innocent people ought, at last, to start military personnelity thinking ab away the stark incompatibility of in the altogether-fashioned achievements in the argonas of scientific k straight offledge, human rights, and the establishment of human moral standards with ideological, nationalistic, or apparitionalfanaticism in any skeletal system.Lately, most of the terrorismseems to be about Islam, and it all seems to be the same. By all accounts the specter of jihadism looms large. crimson if we suspend the belief for a moment and simply cast aside all those terrorist throngs that clearly nourish nothing at all to do with the Islamic righteousnessthe Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, the FARC in Colombia and the IRA in Ireland (to pee but a few)we are still left with a slew of seemingly alike groups all impressd by and distorting Islam to suit their own ends2.The anatomy of propagandaThe document found in a suitcase be to leading September 11, 2001, terrorist Muhammed Atta neertheless streng sos this belief. The suitcase document is reproduced below and analysed in the ensuing paragraph Pray during the previous night. Remember immortalfrequently and with complete serenity. Visualize how you will act if you get into trouble. Read verses of the Quran into your hands andrub them over your luggage, knife, and all yourpapers. Check your weapons, perform ablution to begin with you leave your apartment, and rememberGod constantly man riding to the airport. Takecourage and remember the rewards which Godhas promised for the martyrs. 3The suitcase document is remarkable for four reasons. Fi rst, it embodies a classic ascetical strategy for applying formulaic principles to think actions. Second, it shares much in common with repetitive techniques for self-hypnosis. Third, it bears a striking resemblance to mainstream traditions such as Catholicism in ascetical manuals like The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola or The Rule of St. Benedict that says, keep death daily before ones eyes. Whether or not such manuals threaten human freedom depends, of course, on the various contexts in which they have been presented. If in the wrong hands they can function as formulas and meditations both for indoctrination and for fighting holy wars. Fourth, the document from the suitcase directly connectsreligiousformulas and meditations with intentions to perpetrate visual modality murder. Practical checklists of objectives, terrifying in magnitude, are interwoven withreligious extractments and then repeated and applied as mantras of self-indoctrination.Religion The Terrorist s Best Weapon small-armterrorism even in the form of suicide attacks is not an Islamic phenomenon by definition, it cannot be ignored that the lions share of terrorist acts and the most devastating of them in recent years have been perpetrated in the name of Islam. This fact has sparked a fundamental debate both in the West and within the Muslim world regarding the link between these acts and the teachings of Islam. Most western analysts are hesitant to identify such acts with the bona fide teachings of one of the worlds great religions and prefer to view them as a perversion of a religion that is essentially peace-loving and tolerant. Western leaders such as George W. Bush and Tony Blair have reiterated time and again that the war againstterrorismhas nothing to do with Islam. It is a war against evil4.Modern International Islamistterrorismis a natural offshoot of twentieth-century Islamic fundamentalism. The Islamic Movement emerged in the Arab world and British-ruled India as a r esponse to the dismal state of Muslim confederation in those countries social injustice, rejection of traditional mores, acceptance of foreign domination and culture. It perceives the malaise of modern Muslim societies as having strayed from the straight path (as-sirat al- essentialaqim) and the solution to all ills in a return to the original mores of Islam. The businesss addressed may be social or political inequality, corruption, and burdensomeness. But in traditional Islamand certainly in the worldview of the Islamic fundamentalist in that respect is no separation between the political and thereligious. Islam is, in essence, both religion and regime (din wa-dawla) and no area of human activity is outside its remit. Be the nature of the problem as it may, Islam is the solution.5The role of religion of Islam needs closer examination since the majority of terrorists of contemporary times are practising the religion of Islam. One of the enduring questions is what religion of Isla m has to do with this. Put simply, does religion of Islam cause terrorism? Could these violent acts be the fault of religion-the result of a dark strain of religious thinking that leads to absolutism and hysteria?Is religion the problem or the victim?When one looks outside ones faith it is easier to blame religion. In the current climate of Muslim political violence, a world-shattering sector of the American and European public assumes that Islam is part of the problem. The implication of this point of view is the unfortunate notion that the whole of Islam has supported acts of terrorism.Most Muslims refuse to believe that pesterer members of their faith could have been responsible for anything as atrocious as they September 11 attacks-and hence the popular conspiracy theory in the Muslim world that somehow Israeli secret police had plotted the terrible deed.Recently, however, Islam and fundamentalism are tied together so frequently in public conversation that the experimental c ondition has get under ones skin a way of condemning all of Islam as a deviant branch of religion. But even in this case the use of the end point fundamentalism allows for the defenders of other religions to take comfort in the notion that their kind of non-fundamentalist religion is exempt from violence or other extreme forms of public doings.6CHAPTER II methodologyStatement of Problemterrorism has been a persistent feature of warfare and the international security environment for centuries. The magnitude and impact of terrorism has not remained coherent but rather has ebbed and flowed over the course of time. Today terrorism has emerged as one of the most significant international and regional security issues.The terror attacks of Sep 11 have brought about a lasting change in the way contemporary society perceives the religion of Islam. The perception of the people all across the globe has been that Islam is source of violence.ScopeIslam is a vast religion and consists of var ious facets. The dissertation would aim to study the historic perspective of terrorism, conceptualise terrorism and then determine how religion is apply as a motivator for terrorism before studying the Quranic interpretations associated with the violence and finally aim to answer the question Is there a link between Terrorism and Islam.The scope does not cover the causes and motivators of terrorism like cultural conflict, globalisation, and economic disparity e.t.c. but is particular(a) to analyze the general belief that Islam is associated with the terrorism.Methods of Data CollectionData for this research has been collected from the following sources Books, journals, periodicals and studies on the subject.Authenticated information from selected web sites.A bibliography of the books, periodicals and web sites referred to is appended at the end of text.Organisation Of The DissertationTopic is intended to be dealt in the sequence enumerated below IntroductionMethodologyThe Genesis of Terrorism A historical perspective.Conceptualising terrorism Definitions.How religion is used as a motivator for terrorism.Interpretations of Quran and Terrorism.Conclusion Is there a link between Islam and terrorism?CHAPTER IIITHE genesis OF TERRORISM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEIntroductionThe terrorism is as old as the human civilization. Although the use of violence has been integral to the human beings in the entire process of evolution.Zealots of Judea. The earliest known organization that exhibited aspects of a modern terrorist organization was the Zealots of Judea. Known to the Romans as sicarii, or dagger-men, they carried on an underground campaign of assassination of Roman occupation forces, as well as any Jews they felt had collaborated with the Romans. Eventually, the Zealot revolt became open, and they were finally besieged and committed mass suicide at Masada fortress.The Assassins. The Assassins were the next group to show recognisable characteristics of terror ism, as we know it today. A breakaway faction of Shia Islam called the Nizari Ismalis adopted the tactic of assassination of enemy leaders because the cults limited manpower prevented open combat. Their leader, Hassam-I Sabbah, based the cult in the mountains of Northern Iran. Their tactic of sending a lone assassin to successfully kill a divulge enemy leader at the certain sacrifice of his own life (the killers waited next to their victims to be killed or captured) livend fearful awe in their enemies.The Zealots of Judea and the Assassins were forerunners of modern terrorists in aspects of motivation, organisation, targeting, and goals. Although both were ultimate failures, the fact that they are remembered hundreds of years later, demonstrates the deep psychological impact they caused.The period between 14th and 18th century was of sexual intercourse calm. From the time of the Assassins (late 13th century) to the1700s, terror and barbarism were longly used in warfare and confl ict, but key ingredients for terrorism were lacking. Until the rise of the modern nation state after the Treaty of Westphalia8 in 1648, the sort of central authority and cohesive society that terrorism attempts to influence barely existed.Communications were inadequate and controlled, and the causes that might inspire terrorism (religious schism, insurrection, ethnic strife) typically led to open warfare. By the time kingdoms and principalities became nations, they had sufficient nub to enforce their authority and suppress activities such as terrorism.The french Revolution. The French Revolution provided the first uses of the words Terrorist and Terrorism. Use of the word terrorism began in 1795 in reference to the Reign of Terror initiated by the Revolutionary government. The agents of the citizens committee of Public Safety and the National Convention that enforced the policies of The Terror were referred to as Terrorists. The French Revolution provided an example to future(a) states in oppressing their populations. It also inspired a reaction by royalists and other opponents of the Revolution who employed terrorist tactics such as assassination and intimidation in resistance to the Revolutionary agents. The Parisian mobs compete a critical role at key points before, during, and after the Revolution. Such extra-legal activities as killing prominent officials and aristocrats in gruesome spectacles started long before the guillotine was first used.The 19th CenturyNarodnya Volya. The terrorist group from this period that serves as a model in many ways for what was to come was the Russian Narodnya Volya (Peoples Will). They differed in some ways from modern terrorists, especially in that they would sometimes call off attacks that might endanger individuals other than their intended target. Other than this, they showed many of the traits of terrorism for the first time. These traits included clandestine tactics, cellular organisation, impatience and inabilit y for the task of organising the constituents they claim to represent and a tendency to increase the level of violence as pressures on the group mount.Internationalisation of TerrorismModern Terrorism. The age of modern terrorism might be said to have begun in 1968 when the Popular scarer for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked an El Al airliner en route from Tel Aviv to Rome. While hijackings of airliners had occurred before, this was the first time that the nationality of the carrier (Israeli) and its symbolic value was a specific in operation(p) aim. Also a first was the deliberate use of the passengers as hostages for demands made publicly against the Israeli government. The combination of these unique events, added to the international scope of the operation, gained significant media attention. The join of PFLP, Dr. George Habash observed that the level of coverage was tremendously greater than battles with Israeli soldiers in their previous area of operations. At l east the world is talking about us now.9Cooperation. Another aspect of this internationalisation is the cooperation between extremist organizations in conducting terrorist operations. Cooperative training between Palestinian groups and European radicals started as early as 1970, and pin operations between the PFLP and the Japanese Red Army (JRA) began in 1974. Since then international terrorist cooperation in training, operations, and support has continued to grow, and continues to this day. Motives range from the ideological, such as the eighties alliance of the Western European Marxist-oriented groups, to financial, as when the IRA exported its expertise in bomb do as far afield as Colombia.Current State of TerrorismThe roots of todays terrorism began to grow in 1990s. The largest act of international terrorism occurred on September 11, 2001 in set of coordinated attacks on the United States of America where Islamic terrorists hijacked civilian airliners and used them to attack the World Trade Center towers in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC. After September 11, it is truly easy to be nostalgic about the 1990s. In fact, the post Cold War decade was a very chaotic period. Americans were absorbed by domesticated issues and lulled by the fact that the Cold War was over10.SummaryThere were two great forces at work by the 1990s. First, there were the forces of integration, including global economic growth, cross-border development, the communications revolution and the spreading of democracy. The power of these forces was captured in the popular phrase, The End of History. Thats what seemed to be happening after the fall of the Berlin Wall and all of the other great events that were affecting world history. But there was also a second set of equally powerful forces-the forces of disintegration-including religious and ethnic conflict, an ever-widening North-South gap, religious fundamentalism (Islamic and otherwise) and terrorism. The power of these forces was captured in the phrase, the clashing of Civilizations. While I disagree with the ultimate conclusion of Samuel Huntington, the author of that phrase, that the clash is inevitable, Huntingtons words nonetheless capture the import of the forces that were producing post-Cold War conflicts.CHAPTER IVCONCEPTUALISING TERRORISM A few terms that are important to the study of violence in Islam are terrorism, religious terrorism and Islamic terrorism. A discussion of these terms will permit a comprehensive analysis on the way in which the use of violence sanctioned by the Quran and its interpretations amounts to Islamic terrorism.TerrorismTerrorism is a non-political act of aggression in which the extent of violence used is outside the realm of normative behavior11. Terrorists use or threaten to use this violence against combatants and non-combatants to achieve political, social, economical or religious change within a given community. These reforms appeal to the terroris ts and do not represent popular opinion of the society from which terrorism arises and terrorists are no respecters of borders12.Thus Omar Abdullah, the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir says that there are no well defined or internationally accepted criteria to indicate an organization as terrorist. However the UN Security Council has, on occasion, adopted resolutions putting in place specific sanctions and measures against individual countries orcertain terrorist organizations13.According to Kofi Annan the Ex Secretary oecumenic of the United Nations, the manifestations of terrorism are limitless. The only common denominator among different variants of terrorism is the calculated use of deadly violence against civilians14.Terrorists are those who violate the right to life, indecorum and security15 vested in each civilian by the UNs Universal Declaration of Human Rights Resolution 217 A (III). Thus the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) of the United acres defines terrori sm as a movement in which terrorists directly challenge the authority of democratically elected governments to manage their countrys affairs peacefully, according to the rule of law and internationally accepted fundamentals of human rights16, to satisfy their own liking.Religious TerrorismReligious terrorism occurs when the use of terrorism is systematized by an ideological and fanatic interpretation of a religious text. Religious terrorist groups functioning in the absence of this pretext, create junk terrorism17.According to Charles Kimball, religious terrorism functions on the basis of pentad essential principles. These are means justify the end, holy war, blind obedience, absolute truth claims and the ideal times. Kimball explains that truth claims are essential points in a religion at which divergent interpretations arise18. Extreme interpretations of truth claims provoke the ideology upon which religious terrorism is based. However the authentic religious truth claims are n ever as inflexible and exclusive as zealous adherents insist19. The staunch truth claims professed by religious terrorists, allow them to use religious structures and doctrinesalmost like weapons20 for their movement.In the process, religious convictions that become locked into absolute truths can easily lead people to see themselves as Gods agents. People so emboldened are capable of violent and destructive behaviour in the name of religion21. This conviction creates fanatical interpretations and ideologies that give rise to religious terrorism. Nancy Connors Biggos22, states that foreign observers are unfamiliar with the extreme interpretations of religious terrorists. Thus scholars often deteriorate the rhetoric of religious terrorism as one that is devoid of any strategic motivation. This creates a dearth of quantifiable data that can be used to assess religious terrorism. However Biggo explains that the lack of understanding or data cannot dismiss the fact that religious terro rism is systematized by extreme interpretations of a religious text. Therefore Wener Ruf, states, where God was pronounced dead all notions of morality have been turned into nihilism23.Islamic TerrorismIslamic terrorism is a movement in which the violence caused by terrorism is derived from and used to preserve extreme interpretations of the Quran, in an Islamic community. An in-depth discussion of the how Islamic terrorism is stimulated from the Quran, will be discussed in a separate chapter. However, preliminarily speaking Islamic terrorism exists where there is a controversy over sacred space24or a Kuranic tenet has been violated. Participants of this movement call for unquestioned veneration and blind obedience25 to the word of God in order to ameliorate un-Islamic conditions.Islamic terrorism is itself a controversial phrase, although its usage is widespread throughout the English-speaking world. run-of-the-mine Muslims who have nothing to do with terrorism find it reprehens ible because it forces upon them a label simply because they, too, are believers of Islam. In fact, the common Muslim believes that you are making him a racial hate target by using the word Islam with terrorism. Bernard Lewisbelieves that the phrase Islamic terrorism is apt, because although Islam, as a religion is not peculiarly conducive to terrorism or even tolerant of terrorism. In his own wordsIslam has had an essentially political character from its very foundation to the present day. An advert association between religion and politics, between power and cult, marks a principal distinction between Islam and other religions. In traditional Islam and therefore also in resurgent fundamentalist Islam, God is the sole source of sovereignty. God is the head of the state. The state is Gods state. The army is Gods army. The treasury is Gods treasury, and the enemy, of course, is Gods enemy.CHAPTER VRELIGION AS A MOTIVATOR FOR TERRORISMThe overwhelming problem in the world today, everyone knows, is terrorism, where people in the name of religion kill each other, kill others just to go to heaven, and thinking only they will go to heaven. .Introduction. The dynamics whereby religion becomes a motivator for terrorism is complex but highly understandable. What terrorists groups using this dynamic have begun to understand is that most ordinary citizens are not highly interested in politics nor dedicated to working for social change. Many ordinary citizens are however interested in religion as it relates to their personal lives and morals and because of this they can be emotionally manipulated when they learn of social injustices particularly if they view them through the lens of religious rhetoric. This is specifically admittedly in todays world of instantaneous news coverage where it is possible to whip up political and religious injury over events that are seen to be bordering on religious threshold. This is certainly true in the case of al Qaeda and its loos ely affiliated groups within what is now commonly referred to as the global salafi jihadist movement26.Religious Brainwash. Following the Afghan war in which Islamic peoples from many nations came together to successfully throw out the Russian infidel, Osama bin Laden and similar groups have successfully managed to continue to widen their global appeal by showcasing social injustices against Muslims. This helps to create within a wide group of otherwise less connected Muslim ethnic groups identification with the victims and with each other as a caring and responsive community for their Muslim brothers. Typically, these groups make use of the human rights hatreds occurring within the Israeli/Palestinian and Russian/Chechen conflicts and now also include the occupations in Iraq and Afghanistan.The making of a Terrorist. While instantaneous and repetitive satellite coverage of worldwide events is enough to show injustices and to even create identification with victims sharing similar ethnic or religious backgrounds it is not sufficiently enough to fuel terrorism. However, with the addition of religious rhetoric it is transformed into a potent mix. This transformation is achieved via the following means-Great clean Wrong. First the event is presented as a great moral wrong, a threat to religious morality or purity and as one that must be corrected. The message, which is crafted for unhappy persons, social outcasts or those who are already scathe from religious guilt, is framed as one of good and evil and the listener is admonished to be on the side of good.Mind of God. The second tactic in which religion is used to motivate terrorism is convincing the person that it is possible to know the mind of God. For this purpose scriptures are used, and misused, to clearly identify the social wrongs as evil, immoral or impure. Once identified as threats to morality, this tactic is used to take it a step further with additional scriptures that are used to justify violence in order to destroy the evil. In this way religion is co-opted as the means to morally justify violence in the pursuit of social change. While the world debated about the first strike in the Iraq War (to be carried out by the U.S., Great Britain and their coalition forces), moralists all over the world debated about the doctrine of just wars, thereby holding forth about the mind of God on these matters.Overcoming Guilt. Thirdly, because nearly all religions hold human life as sacred and forbid murder the scriptures are used to break down these prohibitions against pickings innocent human lives. Islamic rhetoric for example refers to the infidels, nonbelievers, defiled, impure, outsiders, and sinners. In this manner the intended terrorist act in ways that take innocent human lives without suffering guilt for having done so.Common Cause Fourthly, by using religion as a motivator the terrorist group creates a sense of cohesion and belonging to a higher cause. They prey upon individual s who are alienated and disenfranchised. When these individuals find a cause to belong to, especially when it espouses religious rhetoric of brotherhood, love and hope for the future life they can become powerfully motivated to act in behalf of the group simply for the sense of identity.27Heroic Martyrdom. The One of the ultimate uses of religion to motivate terrorism is to hold forth a view of the afterlife, promising rewards in the hereafter for sacrificing oneself in the here and now. This is a particularly potent tactic used with those who feel guilty about their actions in this life and uncertain of their standing with God, and with those marginal members of society who suddenly find themselves centered in a group with a purpose. The Muslim interpretation of afterlife while dying for jihad states that the Prophet will be waiting to welcome the martyr with thousands of virgins lined up for his pleasure. Referring to afterlife one martyr also states, I will have God welcome me wi th open arms. I will be a true hero in the sky.28Between the two recent wars in Chechnya (1994-96 and 1999) similar means were used to convince vulnerable Chechen individuals to sign on the new Chechen jihad which began making use of suicide terrorism in 2000. During this time period terrorist sponsored schools used were opened in the capital Grozny which recruited young boys and girls who disconnected their fathers in the Russian/Chechen conflicts promising their widowed mothers a good education for their sons and daughters. Unknown to their families these vulnerable young students were indoctrinated into militant Islamic ideas foreign to Chechen experiences of Sufi Islam and some became convinced that the price of belonging to higher glory is to be willing to sacrifice oneself for the group. In the words of a hostage who conversed with one of the Chechen terrorists -He explained to me that while his greatest dream was to continue his education and go to university and that while he wished to live, even more important for him was to die a martyr. He had become totally convinced that martyrdom was his highest calling in life.29Conclusion. Religion has always been used as a means of constructing social justice, expiating wrongdoing or sins, and of modulating emotional states. These means however can also be used to manipulate vulnerable individuals into taking social actions that they might otherwise never have considered or consented to take part in. For instance a colleague in Chechnya reports that the children who attended terrorist based schools were taught to rock and chant repeating Koranic verses that invoke jihad, ideas that their masters consider important to instil. This practice can easily make use of inducing a suggestive hypnotic state a write down trance in which susceptible children who have already reason to want to avenge a murdered parent might be induced to do so. People interacting with such persons mentioned that these young terrorists w ere brainwashed, rocking, singing and praying often, and readily embracing death.30CHAPTER VIQURANIC INTERPRETATIONS AND TERRORISMApproximately fourteen hundred years ago, Prophet Muhammad, the last in the line of the prophets of Islam, received revelation from God known as the Quran, which is the Final Testament. He came with a message of peace and reconciliation, mercy and compassion. Yet, ever since the beginning of the call of Islam, its image and that of Muslims has been subject to distortion, misconceptions, and misinterpretations. This chapter aims at establishing the link between Quran and the distortions in its interpretation which has manifested itself in the form of jihad or the holy-war.Quran and Sanction of crazeThe Quran permits violence as an act of defence waged to protect the Shariat in an Islamic community. The Shariat can be explained as a system of ordinances outlined in the Quran and Hadis31 through which God lays down for mankind the rules of conduct32. The Sh ariat is the guidance for all walks of life individual and social, material and moral, economic and political, legal and cultural, national and international33.Muslims are certain to closely follow the Shariat to acquire the well being that God has envisioned for the Islamic community. Preservation of the Shariat is an obligation of every able-bodied individual34. Oppression, despotism, injustice and criminal abuse of power35 of the Shariat by Muslims or non-Muslims36, must be punished.Quran and JihadThe Quran identifies three main kinds of Jihad that can be used for the punishment of oppression and injustice. These are internal37, impertinent38 and inter-communal39. The Quran permits the use of violence as an optional method for all three forms of Jihad but it limits the use of violence in internal40 and external Jihad. It expands on its doctrine of Jihad and violence, mainly in the context of inter-communal conflicts. In these cases, Muslims can individually determine the natur e and extent of Jihad based on the freedom of interpretations, and the geopolitical conditions in which the conflict arises. However the most essential prerequisite in the Qurans discourse on violence is that, force should be used only when the Shariat has been violated and needs to be persevered as the very

Setting, Symbolism and Oppression of Women in The Yellow Wallpaper

The Yellow Wallpaper Setting, Symbolism and Oppression of Women Have you ever been locked in a dark closet? You grope about trying to feel the doorknob, straining to see a thin beam of light coming from underneath the door. As the darkness consumes you, you feel as if you will suffocate. There is a sensation of helplessness and hopelessness. Loneliness, caused by oppression, is like the same darkness that overtakes its victim. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in The Yellow Wallpaper, recounts the report card of a young mother who travels to a summer home to rest from her nervous condition. Her bedroom is an old nursery covered with ugly, yellow wallpaper. The more eon she spends alone, the more she becomes obsessed with the wallpapers patterns. She begins to imagine a woman behind bars in the paper. Finally, she loses her sanity and believes that she is the woman in the wallpaper, trying to escape. In The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses context and symbolic represent ation to suggest that imprisoning oppression causes a type of loneliness (in women) that can lead to a hurtful comprise of insanity.             Gilman uses setting to suggest that imprisoning oppression causes a type of loneliness that can lead to insanity. Gilmans young mother describes the nursery bedroom with windows that ... are barred for little children (426). In the above passage, the barred windows seem to raise her oppression, and her perception that she is being imprisoned. Gilman also uses the young womans description of the summer home to express her feeling of being all alone. It is quite alone, standing well tolerate from the road, quite three miles from the village. It makes me think of Eng... ...chniques that Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses in The Yellow Wallpaper to suggest that a type of loneliness (in women) caused by imprisoning oppression can lead to the deadliest form of insanity. By using setting, Gilman shows ho w the barred windows intensifies the young womans imprisoning oppression, the isolated summer home represents the loneliness the young woman feels, and her hallucinations of the wallpaper pattern indicates her transition to insanity. Wallpaper symbolism is used throughout the story the pattern representing the strangling nature of the imprisoning oppression, the fading yellow color showing the fading away of the young woman, and the hovering smell representing the deadly insanity to which she succumbs. Like the darkness that quickly consumes, the imprisoning loneliness of oppression swallows its victim down into the abyss of insanity.  

Revenge and Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - Family Honor :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Vengeance and Family Honor In the play of Hamlet the main discipline is the theme of vengeance and the need of the characters to protect their familys honor. This does not only have to do with Hamlet himself but is also illustrated in two other important characters of the play, Laertes and Fortinbras. t a modality ensemble three of these characters are faced with the problem of having to avenge their nemesis who had previously hurt their family or their familys name. The idea of vengeance for the sake of family honor causes great ending throughout the play and causes many more people get caught up in this circle of destruction and vengeance. From the very beginning of the play the reader notices the eldest signs of the hate and the need of vengeance from some of the characters. Initially the Norwegian prince Fortinbras is shown getting ready for a voyage to conquer Denmark. His huge ambitions as we find out later are driven solely out of hate toward the old Danish King Ham let (Hamlets father) who had previously defeated Fortinbras father in troth and took some of Norways territory when Fortinbras was still a child. As a result, young Fortinbras aspires to recover the lands and power lost by his father as a way of honoring and avenging him. Then as the reader goes on further and deeper into the play, the feelings of hate and vengeance also take over the mind of Hamlet. After talking to his fathers Ghost, and then(prenominal) staging the play Hamlet is almost totally sure that his uncle King Claudius had killed his father in order to take the power of the throne of Denmark. But remote Fortinbras, Hamlet does not act quickly and is paralyzed by his own indecision and fear. This paralyzation or the inability for Hamlet to act and take vengeance could be described as being his main problem. According to the view which was originated by Goethe and is still the prevailing one today, Hamlet represents the type of man whose power of channelise action is paralyzed by an excessive development of his intellect. (Sigmund Freud) The climax occurs when Hamlet finally takes revenge, but unlike it is for Fortinbras, Hamlets revenge comes with great cost to all. His previous inability to act and take revenge sooner cause, ironically, the death of both his mother (who drank the poison destined for Hamlet) and the woman he loved Ophelia (who most likely perpetrate suicide because of Hamlets murder of her father Polonius).