Holgraves challenges Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Challenges and changes are a part of life. Many people, especially elderly who have set views can very easily resent changes and anything that can be seen as a challenge to their ideas and the tines they remember. Magic has always been part of life but sometimes the magic life takes on a maliciois spirit when manipulated by those who seek to bring about ruin. Society is built on traditions and revolutions to challenge others. These seemingly unconnected ideas come together in the character of Holgrave ans the plot of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The House of the Seven Gables. Holgrave works as a force of change and challenges conceptions through his profession as a daguerreotypist. But at the same time his ideas ans actions are based on his identy os a Maule, a family, which meet its downfall by the work of a Pyncheon in Puritan days of settlement. Holgrave affects changes in the novel and works to help others see the truth of the sitution. Holgrave himself and his views on th e past are changed by his actions in marrying a Pyncheon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hepzibah is scarred by the chllenges to her own conventionally and sees what holgrave stands for as a threat to her ideas but he does not frighteen her. She had orginally seen him as a â€Å"well-meaning and ordwely young man† (Hawthorne 63). This orginal assesment, based on his appearance, is what caused Hepzibah to grant him permission to take out a room. But as time went on â€Å"she hardly knew what to make of him† (63). She observed that his friends all desired new ideas , particularly those of dress. Hepzibah also tells Pheobe that he challenged many ideas in a speech that he had made annd that she believes hinm to be involved as a practioner of the black arts. Pheobe becoms very frightened and inquires as to why Hepzibah allows such a â€Å"lawlwss person† (63) to stay and Hepzibah’s response is â€Å"†¦ he has a law of his own† (63). Even with all these conserns Hepzibah has about holgrave she â€Å"has to admit fro m her own contact with him that even by her formal standardshe is a quiet and orderly young man† (Matthiessen 371). So even though she voices all her suspicions about holgrave’s morality to Pheobe, Hepizbah, in the end, still believes in the truth of her orginal feelings about Holgrave. Not only her acceptance od Holgrave but her dependence on him as shown in the chapter entitled â€Å"The First Custemer†. She... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hawthorne. Ed. Bruce Leone. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. 132-138 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The House of the Seven Gables. New York: Banntam Books, 1981. Marks, Alfred. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Daguerrotypist: Scientist, Artist, Reformer†. The House of the Seven   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gables: An Authorative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Essays in Critism. Ed. Seymore L.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gross. New York, Norton and Company, inc, 1967 330-350 Matthiesses, F. O. â€Å"the House of the Seven Gables American History† The House of the Seven Gables:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An Authoritive Text, Backgrounds, and Sources, Essays in Criticism. Ed. Seymore L. Gross.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, Norton and Company, inc, 1967. 364-375 Von Abele, Roudolph. â€Å"holgrave’s Curious Conversion†. The House of the Seven Gables: An  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Authoritative Text , Backgrounds And Sources, Essays in Criticism. Ed. Seymore L. Gross. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York, Norton and Company, inc, 1967. 394-403.

A Study of Aesthetics in the Call of Duty Franchise

Different but the Same: An Analysis of Aesthetics in the Call of Duty Franchise First Person Shooters (FPS) is one of the most famous genres within the gaming industry. It started with titles like Doom, Counter Strike, and now Call of Duty. Nowadays, console and PC gaming is a billion dollar industry. Multiple corporate and independent developers are working day in and day out to supply the market with better, bigger games. However, there are some titles which stand out from the rest, titles that always seem to be churning out one more instalment.One of these stand-out titles is the Call of Duty Franchise. Call of Duty is a series of games that at present, have nine main instalments, and another nine â€Å"lesser† titles to which the only difference is the console on which they are played. By â€Å"main† instalment, this means that the game was released on multiple platforms, which primarily includes PC, Playstation and the Xbox. It all started in October 29, 2003 with the release of Call of Duty. Since then, there has been a Call of Duty release every year, with Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 being the most recent adaptation, which came out November 12, 2012.The researcher will limit the discussion to the Call of Duty franchise, on the PC platform. To be specific, the four most recent games which include: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, Call of Duty: Black Ops, and Call of Duty: Black Ops 2. The researcher aims to answer the question: Is Call of Duty overrated as a franchise? To answer the question, the researcher will analyze each game on eight components of aesthetics which include: Sensation, Fantasy, Narrative, Challenge, Fellowship, Discovery, Expression and Submission (Hunicke, LeBlanc and Zubek).In answering the question: â€Å"Is Call of Duty overrated as a franchise†, the researcher aims to educate both himself and his reader(s) on the importance of proper video game analysis. Nowadays, it is common to s ee a game receive a large amount of hype, such that gamers, who expected so much from a game, get disappointed and end up feeling like they wasted their money. It happened to Diablo III, where a sequel was created for the highly successful Diablo II, twelve years after it was released. Many gamers ended up disappointed with Diablo III, where changes to the core aesthetics of the game changed the way the game was going to be layed. These kinds of mistakes by the game industry, although excusable, could have been avoided. Likewise, the researcher will use Call of Duty as an example for this method for proper video game analysis. Hopefully, this will shed light on the matter, allowing both gamers and game developers to better understand the manner by which games should be measured. By analyzing on the different components of aesthetics, it would be plausible to define the franchise as â€Å"overrated† if they do not significantly improve in any one aspect and at the same time, d eliver the same kind of performance in each instalment.Before going into the full â€Å"meat† of the analysis, the researcher would like to delve a little into the components of Aesthetics that will be used in the analysis later on. The researcher wishes to stress that most of the analysis on each aesthetic is based on his opinions, based on the fact that he is a dedicated gamer himself. The nature of the analysis of game design using the MDA format is that it considers both the perspectives of the game developer and the player. A key concept of MDA is that the developer and player perceive the game through opposite ends of the spectrum (Portnow).The player would first experience the aesthetics of the game, the general reason that they are playing it. The developer on the other hand, due to the nature of his work, sees the mechanics of the game, and how they influence the dynamics, and eventually the aesthetics. In understanding the definition of these mechanics, dynamics, an d aesthetics, it could be said that a game is overrated when it may be different in mechanics but deliver the same performance in aesthetics. The First Aesthetic: Game as Sense PleasureThe first aesthetic is defined as the game’s ability to stimulate the senses (Portnow). Be it sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell, as long as the game is able to stimulate the senses of the player, this could be considered an aesthetic. For Call of Duty, the senses that are (if at all) stimulated are sight and sound. As a breakdown of sight, the most important parts is the gun itself, the enemies and the â€Å"set† or location. A breakdown of sound would be the general tone, and sound effects. For all four instalments of the game included in the research, the graphics were generally the same.Advances in technology, greater processing power of consoles as well as computers allowed game developers to create richer, more detailed and crisp visuals for the game. However with this in mind, t he modelling and texture of Black Ops 2 with respect to Modern Warfare 2 is significant. However, visuals are much more than the quality of the image, and have more to do with content. Content wise, there is no difference. The gun itself and other equipment are the same. Why? Because they use guns that actually exist in real life, which means that there is no deviation in model and texture.Since all four instalments are set in around the same time frame, the guns present inside are the same. The enemies inside do not differ as well. Generally speaking, enemies are dressed up to characterize them. This is obvious, but this also means that most enemies will be the same. For example, there are multiple instances resent in all four games that require the player to kill people from the middle-east. Scarves, light clothing and the trademark AK47 have become the definition of the terrorist. Sound, also does not differ since it is highly unlikely for the â€Å"sound† of a certain gun to change, because they are based on real-life guns.In multiplayer, the element of music is not as present as in the single player option. In the single player, key plot points and tense moments are always supported by a musical score, and this helps to set the mood. Be it the sad death of an ally or the intense run-and-gun moments, there is the right music for the right time. This would be a reason for a gamer to enjoy the game, but it is hardly different from one instalment to another. Therefore, Call of Duty does not change in this aesthetic. This is in fact due to the basis on real-life elements which actually help the game perform in the next aesthetic.The Second Aesthetic: Game as Make-Believe The paper on MDA defines the second aesthetic as fantasy. That is, the ability of the game to immerse the player in a role that normally he/she would not be able to partake in (Portnow). Call of Duty excels in their performance under this aesthetic. The paper on MDA explains that good g ames would be able to deliver on maybe one or two â€Å"core aesthetics† while great games deliver on three or four. These â€Å"core aesthetics† can also be defined as the primary emotive reasons that a player would want to play a certain game. Fantasy, is one of those core aesthetics when it comes to Call of Duty.Whether it’s being a marine, being a stone-cold killer or a patriot, there is a role that the player is immersed in, and the experience is fed to them in pieces during the experience of play. How this changes from game to game, is another matter altogether. Call of Duty excels in the immersive aspect of play, because of the authenticity of the places, and items inside the â€Å"Call of Duty Universe† and because that the first person point-of-view. Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 in itself is already very good at this immersive aspect, and the experience does not really change from one instalment to another.The game itself, and the developers of the game, seem to have found the magic formula for the immersive aspect. Some would argue that better graphics are part of the immersive aspect. Things that break the immersive aspect are things like bugs, or errors in shading. These break the player away from the experience, and remind him/her that they are only playing a game. In the opinion of the researcher, this is not true. Games predating Call of Duty prove that good graphics does not equal a complete immersive experience. They may help, but it is not the most important thing.Games like Counter Strike, Half Life, Halo, and even some Doom games manage to immerse the player in another role without â€Å"life-like† graphics. In terms of the second aesthetic, Call of Duty shines. Even in the multiplayer where the immersive aspect is not as great (due to the lack of context), the game play alone is enough to make the player feel like a soldier surrounded by enemies, armed only with his gun, and his skill. All in all, the ex perience remains the same. But since it has been said that graphics help marginally to improve it, each game could still be said to have been better than the last, even if it is just by millimetres.The Third Aesthetic: Game as Drama The third aesthetic is narrative. This means that the player is playing the game for the story. In the terms of Call of Duty this means one thing: the single player. Plot wise, the stories of all four instalments covered in this research are practically the same. A soldier is taken out of the â€Å"regular army† to join an elite, top secret team to undergo a save-the-world mission, against an extremist, usually Russian, or Middle-Eastern. That being said, narrative is not one of the core aesthetics of the Call of Duty franchise.However, it is interesting to say that narrative may be one of the reasons for the game developers to create another instalment. Just like movies, the story where the previous game left of, is picked up by the next game. Th e plot in itself is not great, however anyone who played the previous game could be interested in knowing how the story progresses. The narrative in the first three games, Modern Warfare 2, Modern Warfare 3, and Black Ops are player driven. In the game itself, the story will not progress until the player decides to move forward. Also, the game is linear and lacks depth.The player is given the â€Å"illusion of choice† through the tactical action of moment-to-moment decision, however in the end he/she has to kill their enemy to progress. Therefore, the player’s role as the main character is not to â€Å"make decisions† but to â€Å"stay alive†. This in my opinion can get old fast. A person who played Modern Warfare 2 and will play Modern Warfare 3 will know all they need to know, and have seen almost some variation of every part of the campaign. This however, changes in Black Ops 2. The campaign in Black Ops 2 is different from the first three games, and i s significantly better for doing so.Although still not having the â€Å"freedom of total choice† there are still moments in the game, subtle and otherwise, where the player is given the chance to change the plot. To go above ground or below, whether to spare a life or not, these are some of the examples of choice that the player will experience, and will feel a greater depth than ever found in the first three games. Having made an actual choice, a contribution to the plot, the player is excited to play on, anxious to see how his actions impacted the greater scheme of things. When it comes to narrative, the last game is improved significantly.The possibility of choice for the player is no small thing. With choice, came the aspect of â€Å"multiple endings†. In each ending, the player sees how he/she affected the world, and is given an overview of everything that has happened during the campaign. For this aesthetic, Black Ops 2 showed greater depth, and was better for do ing so. The Fourth Aesthetic: Game as Obstacle Course The fourth aesthetic is challenge. From the nature of the genre, First-Person Shooter, to the setting of the game, which are the Cold War and a fictional World War 3, it is obvious that the fourth aesthetic is a core aesthetic of the game.For the analysis of the fourth aesthetic, the researcher will divide the game into two categories: Single player and Multiplayer. This is because that the â€Å"enemy† of both is different, and highly changes the dynamic of play. First, the Single Player, where there is a focus on the one against many. The computer does not use tactically superior moves, but focuses on overwhelming the player with numbers. The â€Å"bad guys† hide in obviously tactical positions: behind the counter, around the corner, against the wall, always facing the player.This creates an obstacle course that the player has to go through, and although is a challenge, can get monotonous and repetitive. In the mu ltiplayer, there is more depth. Since other players online differ from one another, use different weapons and different tactics, this creates a dynamic that the player will require more skill to follow. The multiplayer in Call of Duty did not change much from game to game, if only in mechanics. In this way, it could be said that although challenge is a core aesthetic to the franchise, Call of Duty has already found its niche and no longer needs to change a large aspect of it.However it is still no progress, on the part of the developer. Insight would say that the challenge comes from the other players, and it would be logical to buy the new game if everyone is going to be playing it too. That being said, this is a special aesthetic where the game developer is not the one responsible for challenge, the player is. The Fifth Aesthetic: Game as Social Framework The fifth aesthetic, fellowship, is any game that allows the player to work cooperatively with others (Portnow). In the Call of Duty franchise, this is present in both the single and multiplayer.In the single player, the player is in a sense, part of the team. He/she may even form a connection toward other members, especially when the main character they are playing as holds them in high regard. The pair of Alex Mason and Frank Woods from the Black Ops series is comparable to a Han Solo and Chewbacca, and the player will cherish that bond. It is worth mentioning that the voice acting in Call of Duty is some of the best voice acting in the gaming industry, and this helps the player humanize the fictional characters in-game.In the multiplayer, as a flip side of the aesthetic challenge, bonds are formed in between team mates. Team work is always required for objective-based play, and for people with a good enough gaming set, people in game can talk to each other over the net. The players who experience this aesthetic most are people who enter the game as a group, and have friends with them to share the experie nce in. In this aspect, the game developer does not control much of it, and the players are responsible. For example, why would a person play Modern Warfare 3 when all of his/her friends are playing Black Ops 2?His/her friends are reason enough to but the new game. The Sixth Aesthetic: Game as Uncharted Territory The sixth aesthetic is discovery. Any player who plays the game to see what was previously unknown is a player who plays for discovery (Portnow). Again, this can be divided into the single and multiplayer, as the aspect of discovery is different for both. For the single player, discovery is not a large role to play. There aren’t many things to â€Å"unearth† and most things about the narrative are given to the player as a reward for beating the previous mission. This is true for the first three games, until Black Ops 2.With multiple endings, as well as the option to reset the story to a particular mission, the player was left with some sort of replay value: th e option to discover the alternate endings. This forced the player to do things differently to achieve them, and offered more depth. In the multiplayer, discovery comes through the form of a levelling system. Higher level players can use more things, and has access to more powerful guns and equipment. This made it so that the multiplayer experience was more of a journey than an arena, and kept the players interested longer.In a way, the multiplayer did not change from game to game. However, there is a significant improvement on the part of the single player in Black Ops 2. The Seventh Aesthetic: Game as Self-Discovery The seventh aesthetic is defined as expression, or the ability of the players to express themselves through the game. In Call of Duty, this is limited to the multiplayer. In the single player, the player is thrust into the shoes of a fictional character and therefore does not express himself. Expression in the multiplayer however, comes from the â€Å"Create your own Class† system. In other words, load out.The player gets to choose the primary weapon, secondary, as well as buffs to their character by way of â€Å"perks†. Whether the player is the run-and-gun type, or the silent sniper, these are all forms of expression. In terms of expression as an aesthetic, the game itself does not improve. Expression is something that is player driven, and can only be helped by more options for customization. As this game does not offer more customization from game to game, it could be said that it did not improve. The Eighth Aesthetic: Game as Past-time The eight aesthetic is called submission.This means that the player plays the game as a way to tune-out; much like reading a book or watching TV does (Portnow). It is difficult for the researcher to judge games on this aesthetic, seeing as the developers have no way to control this. People playing Black Ops 2 now, played Modern Warfare 2 before, and played Counter Strike even before that. Older g amers would be able to relate more games to their experience, and the researcher is speaking out of his own experience from playing first person shooters. Interestingly enough, the eighth aesthetic is aided not by the difference in games, but the similarity of them.People who have been playing the FPS as a genre for a long time would be able to enjoy this aesthetic more when the new games holds more similarities to old ones. In this way, developers are aiding their players by keeping the game relatively standard. In this, the game could be said to be the same for all four instalments, and does not improve. Of the eight aesthetics discussed, six are actually controlled by the developer. Of those six, the franchise as a whole has been seen to improve in three. That is half of those supposedly developer-induced aesthetics. Because of this, the game is judged to be not over rated.Small or big, there have been changes to the franchise with respect to the last four instalments with regard to the aesthetics. Whether these changes actually merit the game being â€Å"worthy† of being purchased, is in the opinion of the buyer. But as said before, there are another two aesthetics which are not developer-controlled. Which are the fourth and fifth. The players aid each other in these aesthetics by playing the game itself, and people seeking competition must go where competition lies. However, as said before, these games at most times changed marginally, and whether this deserves a $60 price tag is the player’s choice.As a researcher, the game is sound, and it is apparent that a lot of work went into the creation of these games. As a gamer, the researcher must implore other gamers to demand quality from their games. We as a culture, a society who enjoys this form of media have to be specific with what we want from the game developers. Do some small, arbitrary changes to the system deserve our money? If the next game is really the previous one with better graph ics, we should think about where we put our money and whether these games are worth buying. To conclude, Black Ops 2 picks up the slack of where the first three left off.Individually, these games deserve their standing, since all of them perform excellently in at least 4, maybe 5 aesthetics. As a whole, the franchise has found its niche. People are inherently intelligent, and will only buy when the price is right. It is the responsibility of the developers to improve, however their greatest responsibility will always be to satisfy the needs of the customers. Bibliography Ahearn, Nate. â€Å"Call of Duty: Black Ops Review. † 9 November 2010. IGN. 10 January 2013. Bozon, Mark. â€Å"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Review. † 10 November 2009. IGN. 0 January 2013. Gallegos, Anthony. â€Å"CALL OF DUTY: BLACK OPS 2 REVIEW. † 13 November 2012. IGN. 10 January 2013. —. â€Å"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Review. † 8 November 2011. IGN. 10 January 2013. Hu nicke, Robin, Marc LeBlanc and Robert Zubek. â€Å"MDA: A Formal Approach to Game Design and Game Research. † 2004. 3 January 2013. . Portnow, James. â€Å"Extra Credits: Aesthetics of Play. † 17 October 2012. Extra Credits. 3 January 2013. Ryckert, Dan. â€Å"Call of Duty: Black Ops II. † 13 November 2012. gameinformer. 10 January 2013. Sicart, Miguel. â€Å"Defining Game Mechanics. † December

Teenage Suicide Essay - 1404 Words

Teenage Suicide Each day 86 Americans take their own lives and another 1,500 attempts to do so. Even more disturbing is that suicide among a young people nation wide have increased dramatically in recent years. In fact thousands of teenagers each year commit suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among young adults aged 15-24. With the first two leading causes being unintentional injury and homicide. There are many reasons why teenagers feel the need to take their own life. They are at a time in their life where they are strongly feeling stress, confusion, self doubt, pressure to succeed, and other fears while growing. Among the probable causes of teenage suicide are family problems, stress, drug and alcohol abuse, and†¦show more content†¦Violence in the home itself is worse. The home to adolescents is a place of comfort, if something is wrong at school, then home is where they can forget about it. But if there is violence occurring at the home, then children will not want to go t here. This is the start of the buildup of pressure. Teenagers feel the pressure of maintaining good grades during school. If the adolescent is doing poorly in school, then he or she will feel the pressure to succeed and to do better in school work. Stress is a basis for most of the problems teenagers will encounter during high school and college. School work can be overwhelming especially for young adults. Schools are now issuing more assignments than usual to prepare students for the real world. Some teachers and Professors, however, do not realize the extremity of some of these assignments and projects. Most students, especially highschool students, have a full schedule. These students are in school from about eight in the morning to three in the afternoon. College can be just as bad. Even though most of the students are now in class for about a third of the time, the school work is probably more than doubled to that of a high school student. Many problems begin to occur at this stage in the life of the student. Since the pressure is on more then ever, many adolescents take comfort in the company of their friends. Friends during this time are extremely crucial for many reasons. The best being thatShow MoreRelatedTeenage Suici de2112 Words   |  9 PagesTeenage Suicide: The Fallen Ones Introduction: Teenage suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death for young people between the ages of 15 and 19. I. Causes of teenage suicide a. Bullying b. Problems at home c. â€Å"heartbreak†/ low self-confidence II. Bullying a. Verbal b. Physical c. Internet III. Problems at home a. Divorce b. Grades dropping c. Acceptance IV. â€Å"Heartbreak†/ Low self-confidence a. Breakup b. Death in family c. 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The World Of 1984 Scared Me - 1442 Words

Total surveillance. Complete obedience. Absolute authority. The world of 1984 scared me when I first read the book last year. Never before had a book made me think so deeply about individuality, society, and government. 1984, a manifestation of my nightmares, described a totalitarian police state of resolute submission. The horror came when I looked upon our own society, and Big Brother glared back at me. We live in a world where every phone call, every text, every search, and every email can be monitored and recorded by our own government. The National Security Agency, or the NSA, was originally proposed to monitor threats outside of the United States, but the NSA began domestic surveillance shortly after the horrific terror attacks of 2001. This cleared the way for warrantless, unlawful tracking of American citizens. Initially, the program collected only the data of high-risk individuals in America with direct links to Al-Qaeda. Now, however, government data collection has spread t o millions of otherwise innocent citizens. Government surveillance is a direct violation of the privacy of American citizens that is dangerous, immoral, and unlawful. It is important to realize the dangers of government surveillance; personal information containing sensitive details about an individual s private life put in the wrong hands or otherwise used incorrectly could potentially have disastrous repercussions. In today s interconnected world, everything that is said and done online isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841423 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the Party has many strategies and tactics that help them have complete control of the people of Oceania. The control the Party has maintained gives them the ability to manipulate people as a result. The Party takes away the people’s freedom to have a say in their government and become their own person. 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Hydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects - 1500 Words

Imagine a hot summer day with a brother and sister playing in their backyard, ages three and five respectively. They want to cool off, so they turn on the hose, and, as they have done countless times, the sister partially blocks the water flow so her brother can toddle through the spray. However, today she notices a strange odor permeating from the spigot. She doesn’t think anything of it until the smell worsens, at which time she promptly tells her mother. Horrified, her mother rushes to scoop up her son to go wash him in their bath tub. When she turns on the tap to draw the water, she again smells the odor. Distraught, the mother towel dries her child in a final attempt to spare his skin, but does not know what else to do. This sounds like a horror situation that would only happen in a country that was not very developed. However, situations like this one are plausible in America, partially due to hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a process which began in the late 1940’s as an experiment and has since expanded into a global method to efficiently extract natural gases. It has led to various economic benefits, including job creation and has lessened the economic dependence of the United States on foreign countries for oil consumption. Despite this, opponents of fracking cite environmental harms including various pollutions and contaminations. Like in the example with the mother and her children, â€Å"fracking† has the potential to contaminate drinking waterShow MoreRelatedHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On The Environment1087 Words   |  5 Pages Hydraulic Fracturing Maya Murray Mr. Iwasaki Chun MYP Chemistry Essay 3 May 2015 Maya Murray Mr. Iwasaki Chun MYP Chemistry 3 May 2015 Hydraulic Fracturing â€Å"Our country will have drilled and fracked our way down a blind alley for a short lived energy boom† (qtd. In †¦). Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, is the process of drilling and injecting fluid into the ground at high pressure in order to fracture shale rocks to release natural gases inside. Many people are referringRead MoreThe Effects Of Hydraulic Fracturing On The Environment1695 Words   |  7 PagesDangers of Hydraulic Fracturing Despite its many advantages, hydraulic fracturing poses serious threats to the environment. Some of the commonly identifiable effects of hydraulic fracturing include water pollution, over depletion of water resources, noise pollution, air pollution as well as contributing to land movements such as tremors and earthquakes (Boudet et al. 57). According to Boudet et al. (58), fracking presents challenges that prompted the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to commenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Hydraulic Fracturing On The Environment1275 Words   |  6 Pages Hydraulic Fracturing Hydraulic fracturing is known as the process of inserting sand, chemicals, or water into the ground to crack the deep deposits. Additionally, high pressure is required due to the far distance. Next, a pressurized rock layer is created, this is called Marcellus Shale. After, sand or water is used to keep the fissures open for continuous release of shale (natural) gas or oil. To transport water to the site, the trucks must be used for transportation. However, these huge trucksRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On The Environment1737 Words   |  7 PagesHydraulic Fracturing has led to less cases of contamination than any other method of oil extraction, which is contrary to popular belief. There have been many useful regulations that turned a once feared industry to an environmentally safe, highly profitable industry. Hydraulic Fracturing is worth the risks it poses on the environment, because it will bolster the U.S. economy and foreign policy, provide billions of Petro leum barrels and trillions of square feet of natural gas, and it is not as harmfulRead MoreThe Effects Of Hydraulic Fracturing On The American Economy1398 Words   |  6 Pages Hydraulic fracturing can be very beneficial to the American economy. While beneficial, it has proven to be very harmful. As studies show, fracturing is using an absurd amount of water to complete these wells. Not only is the amount of water usage detrimental to our water supply, but oil companies are showing no signs of slowing down. On top of the high water usage, fracturing is physically crippling our environment with the injected fluids. With over 600 different types of chemicals added intoRead MoreThe Effects Of Hydraulic Fracturing On The United States1518 Words   |  7 Pagesissues on the political standpoint of the situation. This is where hydraulic fracturing comes in to play. Hydraulic Fracturing is a horizontal drilling process by the energy industry that has presented the means to solve both problems. This technology has provided the U.S. access to 100 years’ worth of energy. Natural gas has been located within the country’s borders and thousands of feet below the surface. Hydraulic Fracturing, also known as â€Å"fracking†, is used to access or enlarge productivityRead MoreThe Possible Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing in Newfoundland1278 Words   |  5 Pagesessay will examine the possible effects of hydraulic fracturing in Newfoundland. Hydraulic fracturing is the process of retrieving natural gas from the earth by injecting fluid into a borehole and pressurizing it, creating cracks in the rock. hydraulic fracturing fluid is made up of small beads of sand or ceramic, which prop open the cracks in the rock, as well as water and chemicals, which help suspend the proppants (sand or ceramic). The hydraulic fracturing fluid is pressurized, allowing theRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On Water Quality2751 Words   |  12 Pagesunderground at high pressures to crack open shale rock and release natural gas or oil trapped which may be trapped in the rock. This then allows the natural gas or oil to flow to the surface where it can then be collected (Prud homme 2013). Hydraulic fracturing is commonly associated with only natural gas. However, this process has many other purposes. This process is also used for extracting liquids like oil and liquid natural gasses (LNGs) such as propane, butane, and hexane. This process is alsoRead MoreThe Effects Of Hydraulic Fracturing. Are Natural Gas And1896 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effects of Hydraulic Fracturing Are natural gas and oil worth fracking for? What long-term effects will fracking have on the environment? Fracking is the process of drilling a mixture of water and other chemicals into the ground at very high pressures in order to extract natural gas and oil. Fracking has caused various changes to its surrounding environment, these changes include: water contamination, the quality of the air that contributes to climate change, fracking-induced earthquakes, andRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On The United States2334 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Hydraulic fracturing is an increasingly common practice used to access otherwise unobtainable oil or natural gas reserves. While it shows promise as both a valuable economic resource as well as a source of energy independence, many oppose the practice due to alleged environmental dangers. In order to foster a greater understanding of the issues at hand, the following topics are discussed: what hydraulic fracturing is, how it is performed, and where it is located in the United States

Strategic Marketing management and hospitality sample

Question: Describe about the Strategic Marketing Management of Hospitality? Answer: Introduction This paper focuses on analyzing the current position of Starbucks by conducting market analysis. PESTEL analysis has helped in getting an insight regarding the macroeconomic condition. Additionally, SWOT analysis has contributed in identification of the strength, weakness, threat and opportunities of the organization. Marketing plan has been developed for launching new product the marketing plan includes identification of the target market, market segmentation and marketing mix strategies. Effective strategy is essential for maintain the position in the intensely competitive market and ensuring future growth in the international market. Financial forecast has been presented at the end of the paper. Company Overview Starbucks is one of the leading coffee shops which started its journey in 1971 with a single store in Seattle. Presently the company has 21,878 outlets across more than 65 countries. Starbucks offer the finest coffee of the globe that is grown, prepared and served by the experts. Mission of the organization is to inspire as well as nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. The company has been focusing on serving the best coffee to its customers. The major aim of the company is to use coffee that is grown under the best standards in terms of quality by adopting ethical practice. The organization sends its representative to the coffee farms of Africa, Latin America and Asia in order to ensure superior quality coffee beans that are grown ethically are used by the company. Starbucks believe that its employees are at the heart of the Starbucks experience (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2015). Products: Starbucks offer wide range of exclusive products which can be enjoyed by the consumers in the Starbucks stores, at their home or on the go. The company has been offering more than 30 blends and single origin premium coffees. The product range includes fresh brewed coffee, smoothies, espresso beverages, refreshers, teas and frappuccino etc. Moreover, Starbucks offer fresh salads, baked pastries, oatmeal, fruit cups, sandwiches etc. The consumer products of Starbucks include coffee beans, ready brew, ground coffee, ready to drink tea and coffee beverages etc (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2015). Financial Position: In 2013, net revenue of Starbucks has been estimated to be $ 14.9 billion and it has enhanced by 12% in comparison to 2012. Cash flow from operation has increased by $ 1.1 billion from the previous year. The financial statements of the company clearly indicate that the company has been encountering significant growth. The company has achieved highest sales growth in China and Asia Pacific region (Investor.starbucks.com, 2015). Sustainable Business Practice: Starbucks have always focused on maintaining a balance between profitability and social conscience. The company has adopted a holistic approach in order to source best quality coffee ethically. Starbucks have been supporting farmer loans as well as forest conservation programs for fostering a better future for the farmers and better place to leave. The company is committed to the environment and it cares for its planet through water and energy conservation along with recycling. Market Analysis International coffee market has experienced significant transformation over the last fifty years. According to International Coffee Organization, global consumption of coffee has been increasing at the growth rate of 1.9% per year over the last fifty years. The growth rate has increased to 2.4% since 2000. United States of America European Union and Japan account for the principal share of the global demand of coffee. Domestic consumption in the coffee exporting nations has significantly increased over the last few decades. In the traditional importing market of coffee has encountered slight decline in the annual growth rate of consumption. Despite the population growth, increase in coffee consumption in the traditional markets has been estimated to be weak. On the other hand, in the emerging markets, the demand for coffee has been increasing significantly. It has been expected that the emerging markets will be important source of growth in the global consumption in near future (Inte rnational Coffee Organization, 2014). According to the market research conducted by the National Coffee Association of USA, it has been observed that Americans are shifting to the gourmet coffee and 34% consumers in USA prefer gourmet coffee beverages (National Coffee Association, USA, 2014). Espresso based beverage and regular coffee prepared with gourmet coffee beans are receiving growing popularity in US and it has grown by 3% from the previous year (Brown, 2014). On the other hand, trend has reported that consumption of non-gourmet beverages has declined by 4%. According to the report published on the trend of coffee consumption, it can be clearly identified that the consumption is declining. Additionally, it has been recognized that popularity of tea is rising and the rising price of coffee is one of the major reasons behind it (Mitchell, 2015). Additionally, tea has lot of health benefits and growing concerns about health can be considered as a major reason for preferring tea. Presently 59% American drink coffee re gularly and it has been found that younger people in US drink fewer cups coffee daily (Fortune, 2015). On the other hand, coffee industry of Australia has been expecting significant growth in near future (Bowling, 2015). Porter's Five Forces Analysis: Competitive Rivalry Starbucks have been operating in the monopolistically competitive market. It has been observed that Starbucks have been able to achieve significant brand loyalty despite of the inflated price. From the market analysis it has been observed that the company has been maintaining good control over its high price. The high quality coffee has helped the company in differentiating form its competitors. The major competitors of Starbucks are the specialty coffee shops and the quick service restaurants. However, the present trend has clearly indicated that consumers are looking for lower priced beverages. Hence, Starbucks will encounter decline in sales as consumes will shift to the shops offering good quality at lower price (Jeffs, 2008). Bargaining Power of the Suppliers Starbucks believes in ethical sourcing and it focuses on integrating sustainability into their supply chain. High quality and ethically grown coffee beans are sourced from the different regions of Africa, Latin America and Asia. Starbucks capitalizes the advantage large market share and size of the organization. The bargaining power of suppliers is low as Starbucks maintain fair trade and its brand name attracts the suppliers to get associated with the organization. Bargaining Power of the Customers Bargaining power of the customers is one of the important factors that influence the strategy of the organization. Starbucks offers wide range of high quality products and its brand value easily attracts as well as retains customers. However, as the customers are getting various alternatives, they can easily switch to other brands offering lower price without making compromise on quality. Hence, the bargaining power of the customer is moderate in case of Starbucks. Threat of New Entrants Entrance of new market players is significantly reliant upon the level of barriers to enter into the market. In case of beverage industry, the barrier to entry is quite low and the initial investment is not very high. Hence, it is very easy to penetrate the market. However, for the new market players, it will be very difficult to compete with the market leader like Starbucks. Therefore, it can be concluded that in case of Starbucks, threat of new entrants is moderate. Threat of Substitutes Threat of other substitutes also plays a major role in reshaping the strategy of an organization. In case of Starbucks, the threat of substitutes is high. For instance, fresh fruit juice, packaged fruit juice, energy drinks and tea are the substitutes of coffee. Especially, tea has been receiving growing popularity across the globe. Health consciousness is rising and consumers have identified the health benefits of tea. Hence, it can be stated that the threat of substitute is high for Starbucks (Grigg, 2002). PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis is a strategic management tool which provides significant insight to the macroeconomic environment. In the following table six external factors have been briefly discussed in order to provide an overview of the macroeconomic environment of Starbucks. Factors Political Starbucks have been encountering major concern related to the sourcing of raw materials which has attracted the political attention. Hence, it is important adhere to the norms of that nation for conforming to the fair trade practice (Sadler, 2003). Starbucks has been operating in different nations across the globe and it has been encountering regulatory pressure from different nations. Economic Global economic slowdown especially in the European market has been a major concern for Starbucks. It has been affecting the profitability of various organizations. Recent trend has indicated that people are shifting to other beverages form the high priced coffee. In different nations, labor cost and other operational cost vary and the company needs to develop its strategy according to the market situation. Social The company may focus on targeting broad market in different economy which will require lowering the price of the products. Consequently, the quality of the product will be compromised in this case. The social factor of different economy has clearly indicated consumers preference for low priced products which must be considered by the firm (Parasuraman, 1987). Technological Advancement of technology has been shaping the demand of the consumers. Starbucks has been offering Wi-Fi in the outlet for attracting the young generation. Mobile app has been receiving rapid popularity and Starbucks has adopted it to provide convenience to its consumers. Additionally discount coupons have been generated in association with Apple (Vrontis and Kogetsidis, 2008). Environmental Environmental impact of the business activities must be reduced. Hence, it is important for the business firm to be well aware of the business activities and ethical practice. Legal In each territory, Starbucks need to ensure that its activities comply with the legal framework. Competitor Analysis Coffee market is highly competitive and the competition analysis provides a clear scenario of the position of Starbucks in the market. Starbucks have been operating in the monopolistically competitive market. It has created a standard for its product and it has been controlling the inflated price. High brand image of Starbucks differentiates its products from its competitors. High quality and ethically sourced coffee are the major reason behind the success of Starbucks. There are various coffee shops in the market and those are the principal competitors of Starbucks. Costa Coffee, Dunkin Brands, Petes Coffee and McDonalds are creating pressure on Starbucks. In terms of location, Starbucks encounter major challenges from the restaurants and ready to drink coffee shops located in the prime locations (Kotler, 2000). The intensity of the rivalry has been increasing and Starbucks will encounter major issues in gaining new customers as well as retaining them. Competitors of Starbucks have participated in a price war which can significantly affect the profitability of the firm. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis helps in identification of the internal strength and weakness of the organization along with the external threat and opportunities. An organization must focus on improving the weakness and capitalizing strength as well as opportunities for enhancing the overall business performance. Strength One of the major strength of Starbucks is its wide range of products offered to its customers. Starbucks strongly believe in sustainable business practice and it focuses on the ethical sourcing of raw materials (Loureiro and Lotade, 2005). The company values it employees and considers them as partners. Starbucks have focused on mass advertising which assisted in establishment of the brand name. The research and development team of Starbucks has been working on strengthening its product portfolio which satisfies customers having different needs. Strong brand name, value and brand loyalty has provided significant advantage to the organization (Grant, 2011). Effective customer relationship management and branding strategy of the company has contributed in the success of the organization. Weakness Starbucks has been majorly focusing on coffee and retail. However, it is very important to diversify for achieving greater market share as well as expansion of the business. Starbucks have focused on differentiating its product by offering best quality coffee. However the price is too high that the consumers may forego the premium experience by switching to other products with lower price. Starbucks is significantly reliant on the domestic market, i.e. US market. Opportunities Starbucks have ample opportunity to expand in the emerging market as the trend has demonstrated the growth rate of coffee consumption has increased in the developing economies. Starbucks have an opportunity to expand its product mix and achieving large market share by adoption of effective marketing strategy (Harrison, 2005). Use of mobile app can help in enhancing the business as it offers greater convenience to the customers. As Starbucks already have a powerful brand image, it can focus on leveraging it for venturing product diversification and brand extension. Threat Starbucks have been encountering significant threat due to increased competition. For instance, Costa Coffee, Dunkin Brands, Petes Coffee and McDonalds have been creating significant pressure on the brand. Price volatility in the international coffee market can be considered to be a major threat for the organization. Starbucks do not have a control over it, but it can affect the profitability of the organization. Starbucks is significantly reliant on the developed economies and the market is becoming saturated. Lifestyle and the taste of the consumers are changing and the customers prefer healthy products. Demand for coffee has been declining in the developed nations (Mohr, 2013). Idea of New Product and Service SWOT analysis of Starbucks have clearly indicated that the company ample opportunity to expand its product line. Analysis of the market has indicated that the consumers are becoming increasingly health concerns. Negative impact of drinking coffee has been identified by the consumers. Moreover, it has been found that tea has been receiving significant popularity in the developed nations. Though Starbucks have some other beverages such as tea and fruit juice, the major product is coffee. As the consumption of coffee is declining, Starbucks must focus on launching new products. As tea and fruit juice are the principal substitutes of coffee, Starbucks can plan launching wide variants of tea and fruit juice. Presently, Starbucks has been offering brewed tea, latte and iced tea. New variants of tea and nutritious fruit juice must be offered by Starbucks. It will focus on highlighting the nutrition value and health benefits of these products (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 2004). Future Marketing Strategy Target Market Target market for the new products will be the health conscious consumers. The company must target thee people who will be loyal and thus brand loyalty can be achieved. Moreover, it will also include existing customers of Starbucks. It will include the younger generation who drinks fewer cups of coffees and the adults. Starbucks will target the office goers who consume soft beverages and they can afford expensive products (Winer, 2004). Market Segmentation Loyal Customers Starbucks will target the regular customers or the loyal customers. Starbucks can promote the health benefits of the newly launched products and capture the exiting market. Young Adults of Age Group 18 -24 Young adults do not prefer coffee as they have identified the negative impact of drinking too much coffee. Moreover, they cannot afford the high price of coffee. Hence tea and fruit juice will be a preferred option for the young adults belonging to the age group of 18 24. Adults of Age Group 30 55 Adults are also the principal target of Starbucks. People belonging to the age group of 30 -55 are switching from coffee to other beverages. Hence, targeting this wide market would significantly help in boosting the market share of Starbucks. Additionally, the office goers can easily afford the expensive products of Starbucks and the health benefits of tea and fruit juice will attract and retain these people easily (Sheehan, 2011). Marketing Mix Marketing mix has major four elements that help in determining the marketing strategy of the organization. In the following table, the marketing mix elements for launching new products have been presented. Marketing Mix Elements Strategies Product Starbucks will expand the product mi for offering healthy beverages to the target market. It has been observed that the lifestyle and preference of the consumers are changing and consumption of coffee is declining in the developed economies while tea has been receiving increasing popularity. Consumers are becoming more health concern. Hence, Starbucks will launch tea and fruit juice. Wide range of tea such as different variants of iced tea, latte, herbal tea, black tea etc can be offered (Chernev, 2012). Moreover, fresh fruit juices of all popular fruits must be offered to the customers. In the packaged tea and fruit juice, the nutritional value must be written. The research team of Starbucks must focus on developing new products continuously according to the preference of the customers. Price Starbucks have adopted premium pricing strategy for its other products. In this case, it can adopt premium pricing strategy as it is considered to be significant part of the brand. Starbucks seems to define the status of the consumers. Hence, premium pricing strategy will be appropriate for Starbucks. However, price of tea will be lower than coffee as consumers are looking for low priced beverages (Winer, 2004). Place These products must be made available to all the stores, especially in the developed nations. Moreover, loose leaf teas can be made available online which will be convenient for the customers (Anderson and Vincze, 2004). Promotion Promotional strategy must focus on highlighting the major advantages of tea and fruit juice. The advertisement campaigns must communicate the nutrition value and health benefits of these products. Newsletter must be send to the registered customers. Additionally, advertisement must be published on social media for attracting the target market. Marketing campaign must be conducted for promoting healthy lifestyle (Cravens, Lamb and Crittenden, 2002). Financial Forecast Particulars 2014 (Base Year) 2015 2016 2017 Total Net Revenue $ 16,447.80 $ 18,750.49 $ 21,375.56 $ 24,581.90 Revenue Growth 14.00% 14.00% 15.00% Total cost of Operations $ 13,635.00 $ 15,680.25 $ 17,953.89 $ 20,557.20 Operating Profit $ 2,812.80 $ 3,070.24 $ 3,421.67 $ 4,024.70 Increase in Operating Profit 9.15% 11.45% 17.62% Conclusion Starbucks has been operating in the monopolistically competitive market and extensively focused on the domestic market. The trend of coffee consumption has indicated that consumption of coffee is declining. Hence, Starbucks must launch wide range of healthy beverages which will include tea and fruit juices. An effective marketing strategy has been designed and it indicates that the company will encounter revenue growth of 14% in the first year and the operating profit will be enhanced by 9.15% in 2015. References Anderson, C. and Vincze, J. (2004).Strategic marketing management. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Bowling, D. (2015).Grind it up: competing in the crowded cafe sector. [online] Hospitality. Available at: https://www.hospitalitymagazine.com.au/beverage/grind-it-up-competing-in-the-crowded-cafe-sector [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Brown, N. (2014).2014 Coffee Consumer Trends Report: More Gourmet, Single Cups. [online] Daily Coffee News by Roast Magazine. Available at: https://dailycoffeenews.com/2014/05/09/2014-coffee-consumer-trends-report-more-gourmet-single-cups/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Chernev, A. (2012).Strategic marketing management. [Chicago, Ill.]: Cerebellum Press. Cravens, D., Lamb, C. and Crittenden, V. (2002).Strategic marketing management cases. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill. Fortune, (2015).U.S. coffee drinking grindslower. [online] Fortune. Available at: https://fortune.com/2015/03/13/coffee-drinking-declines/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Grant, R. (2011).Contemporary strategy analysis. Chichester: Wiley. Grigg, D. (2002). The worlds of tea and coffee: Patterns of consumption.GeoJournal, 57(4), pp.283-294. Harrison, J. (2005). Exporting a North American Concept to Asia: Starbucks in China.Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 46(2), pp.275-283. Hawkins, D., Best, R. and Coney, K. (2004).Consumer behavior. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. International Coffee Organization, (2014).World coffee trade (1963 2013): A review of the markets, challenges and opportunities facing the sector. London, United Kingdom: International Coffee Council, pp.1-13. Investor.starbucks.com, (2015).Annual Reports | Investor Relations | Starbucks Coffee Company. [online] Available at: https://investor.starbucks.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=99518p=irol-reportsannual [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Jeffs, C. (2008).Strategic management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Kotler, P. (2000).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Loureiro, M. and Lotade, J. (2005). Do fair trade and eco-labels in coffee wake up the consumer conscience?.Ecological Economics, 53(1), pp.129-138. Mitchell, D. (2015).This Is the Drink People Are Getting Instead of Coffee. [online] TIME.com. Available at: https://time.com/3747930/coffee-tea/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Mohr, P. (2013). Changing Consumer Behavior and Influencing the Food Environment.CFW Plexus. National Coffee Association, USA, (2014).2014 National Coffee Drinking Trends - National Coffee Association. [online] Ncausa.org. Available at: https://www.ncausa.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=924 [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Parasuraman, A. (1987). CUSTOMER ORIENTED CORPORATE CULTURES ARE CRUCIAL TO SERVICES MARKETING SUCCESS.Journal of Services Marketing, 1(1), pp.39-46. Sadler, P. (2003).Strategic management. Sterling, VA: Kogan Page. Sheehan, B. (2011).Marketing management. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Pub. Starbucks Coffee Company, (2015).Mission Statement. [online] Available at: https://www.starbucks.com/about-us/company-information/mission-statement [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Vrontis, D. and Kogetsidis, H. (2008). Environmental analysis as a means to customer satisfaction: the case of Starbucks in Cyprus.JIBED, 3(3/4), p.188. Winer, R. (2004).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Psychology- Prejudice free essay sample

Tajfel’s procedure of the experiment involved two laboratory experiments. The subjects of the first experiment contained 64 boys, 14 and 15 year-old from a school in Bristol. The boys from each group knew each other well, since they were actually in the same houses at the school. The second experiment was similar to the first one, since 48 students also already knew each other. In terms of stereotypes and his study, Tajfel proposed that Stereotyping or putting people into groups is based on a normal cognitive; we tend to group or categories things. By the statement, he meant that we see the people in our group are just the ‘same’ with us because there are certain similarities that makes us parallel with them and there’ll be a tendency of us calling the ‘same’ people â€Å"us† and those who are different or out-group â€Å"them†. This study also has its weaknesses and strengths. One of the strengths; Laboratory experiment method, which makes him to able controlling the environment in terms of what the subjects had experienced during the test, therefore he can ensure that there are no influences that would change their behaviour later on. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology- Prejudice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Manipulation of the environment also makes him able to obtain replication due to its standardness in procedures. However, since all of the participants were all male, similar age and came from the same country. In terms of experiment, this study has become biased. It is difficult to decide whether it is good enough to be generalised, due to its gender, age and geographical limitations. The ecological validity is doubtful, considering the experiments were lab studies, where we can jump to an argument that this involved unusual task is held in artificial environment. In other words, the participants acted in the way they thought was demanded of them; Demand Characteristic. This experiment deals with a disruptive and anti-social, very general commons of society in explaining and understanding the causes of prejudice and discrimination. Moreover, this piece of research could be beneficial or helpful to our daily life. Nevertheless, the applications are still limited, regard to ecological validity and the gender, race and cultures.