Deception Point Page 72

The President checked out the space for Tench. He had not seen her since before his question and answer session, and she was not here at this point. Odd, he thought. This is her festival as much as it is mine. The news report on TV was wrapping up, laying out once more the White House's quantum political jump forward and Senator Sexton's appalling slide. What a distinction daily makes, the President thought. In legislative issues, your reality can change in a moment. Before breakfast he would acknowledge exactly how obvious those words could be. 85 Pickering could be an issue, Tench had said. Director Ekstrom was excessively engrossed with this new data to see that the tempest outside the habisphere was seething more diligently now. The crying links had expanded in pitch, and the NASA staff was apprehensively processing and talking as opposed to resting. Ekstrom's contemplations were lost in an alternate tempest a touchy whirlwind fermenting back in Washington. The most recent couple of hours had brought numerous issues, all of which Ekstrom was attempting to manage. But one issue currently increasingly posed a threat than all the others joined. Pickering could be an issue. Ekstrom could think about nobody on earth against whom he'd less preferably coordinate brains over William Pickering. Pickering had ridden Ekstrom and NASA throughout recent years, attempting to control security strategy, campaigning for various crucial, and railing against NASA's heightening disappointment proportion. Pickering's repugnance with NASA, Ekstrom knew, went far more profound than the ongoing loss of his billion-dollar NRO SIGINT satellite in a NASA launchpad blast, or the NASA security spills, or the fight over enrolling key aviation staff. Pickering's complaints against NASA were a progressing dramatization of disappointment and disdain. NASA's X-33 space plane, which should be the van substitution, had run five years late, which means many NRO satellite support and dispatch programs were rejected or required to be postponed. As of late, Pickering's fierceness over the X-33 arrived at a fever pitch when he found NASA had dropped the undertaking completely, gulping an expected $900 million misfortune. Ekstrom showed up at his office, pulled the window ornament aside, and entered. Taking a seat at his work area he put his head in his grasp. He had a few choices to make. What had begun as an awesome day was turning into a bad dream unwinding around him. He attempted to place himself in the attitude of William Pickering. What might the man do straightaway? Somebody as clever as Pickering needed to see the significance of this NASA disclosure. He needed to excuse certain decisions made in franticness. He needed to see the irreversible harm that would be finished by dirtying this snapshot of triumph. What might Pickering do with the data he had? Would he let it ride, or would he make NASA pay for their inadequacies? Ekstrom glowered, having little uncertainty which it would be. All things considered, William Pickering had further issues with NASA†¦ an old individual harshness that went far more profound than legislative issues. 86 Rachel hushed up now, gazing vacantly at the lodge of the G4 as the plane traveled south along the Canadian coastline of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Tolland sat close by, conversing with Corky. Regardless of most of proof recommending the shooting star was true, Corky's affirmation that the nickel content was â€Å"outside the preestablished midrange values† had served to revive Rachel's underlying doubt. Covertly planting a shooting star underneath the ice just appeared well and good as a feature of a splendidly imagined misrepresentation. In any case, the staying logical proof highlighted the shooting star's legitimacy. Rachel abandoned the window, looking down at the circle molded shooting star test in her grasp. The minuscule chondrules gleamed. Tolland and Corky had been examining these metallic chondrules for quite a while, talking in logical terms well over Rachel's head-equilibrated olivine levels, metastable glass networks, and transformative rehomogenation. In any case, the consequence was clear: Corky and Tolland were in understanding that the chondrules were unequivocally fleeting. No fudging of that information. Rachel turned the plate molded example in her grasp, running a finger over the edge where part of the combination outside layer was noticeable. The singing looked generally new unquestionably not 300 years of age albeit Corky had clarified that the shooting star had been hermetically fixed in ice and kept away from climatic disintegration. This appeared to be sensible. Rachel had seen programs on TV where human remains were burrowed from the ice following 4,000 years and the individual's skin looked practically great. As she considered the combination outside layer, an odd idea happened to her-an undeniable bit of information had been precluded. Rachel thought about whether it had just been an oversight in all the information that was tossed at her or did somebody basically neglect to make reference to it. She went out of nowhere to Corky. â€Å"Did anybody date the combination crust?† Corky looked over, looking befuddled. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Did anybody date the consume. That is, do we know beyond all doubt that the consume on the stone happened at precisely the hour of the Jungersol Fall?† â€Å"Sorry,† Corky stated, â€Å"that's difficult to date. Oxidation resets all the essential isotopic markers. Furthermore, radioisotope rot rates are too delayed to even consider measuring anything under 500 years.† Rachel looked at that as a second, seeing now why the consume date was not part of the information. â€Å"So, supposedly, this stone could have been singed in the Middle Ages or a weekend ago, right?† Tolland laughed. â€Å"Nobody said science had all the answers.† Rachel let her brain meander out loud. â€Å"A combination outside is basically only an extreme consume. Actually, the consume on this stone could have occurred whenever in the past 50 years, in any number of various ways.† â€Å"Wrong,† Corky said. â€Å"Burned in any number of various ways? No. Consumed in one manner. Falling through the atmosphere.† â€Å"There's no other chance? What about in a furnace?† â€Å"A furnace?† Corky said. â€Å"These tests were analyzed under an electron magnifying instrument. Indeed, even the cleanest heater on earth would have left fuel buildup everywhere throughout the stone-atomic, synthetic, non-renewable energy source. Disregard it. Also, what about the striations from streaking through the environment? You wouldn't get those in a furnace.† Rachel had disregarded the direction striations on the shooting star. It did in fact seem to have fallen through the air. â€Å"How about a volcano?† she wandered. â€Å"Ejecta tossed fiercely from an eruption?† Corky shook his head. â€Å"The consume is extremely clean.† Rachel looked at Tolland. The oceanographer gestured. â€Å"Sorry, I've had some involvement in volcanoes, both above and underneath water. Corky's correct. Volcanic ejecta is infiltrated by many poisons carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric corrosive all of which would have been identified in our electronic outputs. That combination outside, regardless, is the aftereffect of a clean climatic grating burn.† Rachel moaned, thinking pull out the window. A perfect consume. The expression stayed with her. She turned around to Tolland. â€Å"What do you mean by a clean burn?† He shrugged. â€Å"Simply that under an electron magnifying instrument, we see no remainders of fuel components, so we realize warming was brought about by dynamic vitality and rubbing, as opposed to substance or atomic ingredients.† â€Å"If you didn't locate any outside fuel components, what did you find? In particular, what was the organization of the combination crust?† â€Å"We found,† Corky stated, â€Å"exactly what we expected to discover. Unadulterated barometrical components. Nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen. No petroleums. No sulfurs. No volcanic acids. Not much. All the stuff we see when shooting stars fall through the atmosphere.† Rachel reclined in her seat, her musings centering now.

Supply and Demand for Hotel Rooms in Australia

Presentation Supply and request are two essential viewpoints in any market economy. Gracefully alludes to the amount of an item that a market can profit. Another definition can be measure of an item that makers are happy to give out at a given cost. Request then again alludes to the amount of an item that clients are happy to purchase at a given price.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Supply and Demand for Hotel Rooms in Australia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two are key in the assurance of an item or administration value (Adil, 2006). Generally, an item or administration value continues shifting until a point where the measure of interest at a specific value approaches that of the sum provided at a similar cost. This point is named balance. A relationship exists among request and gracefully, which is significant in the assurance of the measure of assets to be designated purposes. Request law and flexibly law are pertinent in a market. T he law of interest expresses that, if the cost of a product is higher, with every other factor staying consistent, at that point the interest for a similar decent is low. This is on the grounds that individuals can't choose a similar decent while others of a similar worth exist at a lower cost. The law of flexibly expresses that when an items cost is higher, at that point makers promptly profit it into the market therefore expanding gracefully (Henderson, 2004). Applying the two standards, that is, request and flexibly to the lodgings in Sydney, Australia will be of incredible assistance in the assurance of whether to increment or hold a similar number of rooms in the city. There is a more popularity for settlement than the gracefully is in Sydney and consequently, more spaces for convenience is required. This is in accordance with the laws of economy whereby flexibly and request should coordinate at a provided point so as to arrive at harmony to guarantee a steady economy. Territor y of Supply and Demand for Accommodation in Sydney is a significant vacation spot in Australia and accordingly, guests visit the city. This calls for more convenience offices. As indicated by Jones Lang LaSallee Hotels (2010), Sydney is a significant Gateway to Australia and gets a higher number of guests around evening time contrasted with some other city in the nation. An overview did in 1999 on settlement flexibly and request demonstrated that an expansion in the quantity of guests was to be 7.3% every year in a range of ten years. This gives a recommendation that flexibly of convenience ought to be expanded so as to satisfy the foreseen increment need. Be that as it may, this has not been doable because of greater expenses of development and land buy, which from the beginning has not been made up for as a result of poor market for settlement (Jones Lang LaSallee Hotels, 2010). Sydney city has from the start not arrived at the foreseen development in convenience showcase. This is ascribed to different variables, significant ones being; right off the bat, in 2001 and 2002 a large portion of settlement rooms were changed over into private rooms inferable from the explanation that they are increasingly beneficial contrasted with the previous (Jones Lang LaSallee Hotels, 2010).Advertising Looking for article on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This fall has not been recouped from that point forward implying that more convenience must be set up. Furthermore, gracefully of settlement administrations has been on the reduction in the course of the most recent multi year because of their low execution in the market. Thirdly, interest for similar offices has been low and this has prompted numerous individuals putting into private administrations. In 2007, flexibly expanded by 1,300 rooms which was a number higher than the anticipated figure. This expansion is because of the conveyance of settlement offices in all pieces of the city contrasted with the previous patterns where convenience was just accessible in the city CBD. Around the same time, interest for settlement additionally quickened. Wiltshire (2008) battles that request and gracefully for convenience in Sydney has in the course of the most recent ten years been imbalanced; flexibly being higher between December 2005 and June 2006. Between September 2006 and December 2007, request was higher than flexibly. In 2008, flexibly of settlement was higher than that of interest. With the above paces of interest and flexibly, more spaces for convenience are normal. As indicated by a review led by Jones Lang LaSalle Hotels (2010a), 89% of the all out 9,923 rooms are inns. They are all in the Central Business District (CBD) and record for 30% of the settlement rooms in Sydney. As indicated by their report, interest for convenience was relied upon to ascend as from a year ago. This development is ascribed to various elements, which incorporate the accompanying; first is the foreseen globe recuperation from money related emergency. When the globe recuperates from the emergency, cash will be promptly accessible, as the economy will balance out. This implies numerous exercises, for example, the travel industry, sports, and such like exercises that calls for convenience needs will be set up along these lines quickening request. Generally, neighborhood request was to be on the higher outrageous when contrasted with global one whose development was to be medium in 2010. Second is the normal ascent popular for convenience with a figure of 80% and 82.5% through 2012 to 2014 when contrasted with that of 2009, which extend somewhere in the range of 74% and 79% (Jones Lang LaSalle Hotels, 2010a). A consistent and solid interest for convenience has been recorded somewhere in the range of 2010 and 2011. The figures demonstrate a consistent ascent in the interest level for inhabitance and this plainly shows the requirement for development or transformation of an ever increasing number of rooms in Sydney city into convenience rooms. Nonetheless, accomplishing this fantasy is destined by different reasons, for example, high benefits picked up from elective uses, shortage of fitting area for development, significant expenses for development, poor budgetary status by the partners and low pay from these rooms.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Supply and Demand for Hotel Rooms in Australia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lack of Government acknowledgment of lodgings as a wellspring of pay that can animate a stable financial development has likewise a major offer in low advancement in the segment. An acknowledgment for this with legitimate arranging will see this issue over along these lines empowering more flexibly for settlement so as to satisfy need. Jones Lang LaSalle Hotels (2010a) states that Sydney is a significant vacation destination focus w hen contrasted with the remainder of the urban communities in Australia because of its two attractions. The two key attractions in Sydney are the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbor Bridge. In 2008, the most noteworthy number of guest night was recorded with a figure of 68.9 million. This is the most noteworthy number of guests recorded in Sydney and in the entire of Australia. Throughout the previous two decades, the quantity of global vacationers has been on the ascent. Sydney has exercises throughout the entire year and in that capacity, numerous convenience offices are required. Up and coming occasions such like Sydney New Year’s festivities and the Emirates Melbourne cup visit (Sydney traveler manage, 2011), will add to the interest of more spaces for settlement. At whatever point such occasions occur in a nation, a great deal of room is required as, various individuals come to take an interest or as onlookers with every one of them needing a space to give cover. Sydney contributes most to Australian economy and its Central Business District is the greatest in contrast with those of different urban communities. Enormous business destinations, for example, Parramatta are likewise in Sydney. Sydney likewise has other significant jobs, for example, facilitating home office for both the Australian Stock Exchange and Reserve Bank of Australia (Wilttshire, 2008). A decent number of banking ventures in Australia is situated in Sydney. Having all these significant duties, there is have to improve the current and developing increasingly other settlement rooms so as to provide food for the present interest. Under ordinary situation, individuals living in such a city are relied upon to have a less expensive existence because of the accessibility of all the essential offices nearby. In opposition to this desire is that, Sydney is has been positioned 16 in number among the most costly urban communities on the planet (Wilttshire, 2008). The accessible rooms are given out at a significant expense hence influencing the interest. A superior answer for such an issue is the arrangement for additional rooms at a moderate cost so as to empower demand.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Proposed settlement type Supply for convenience in Sydney is low and thus, more convenience rooms are required. Contrasted with outfitted lofts, inns, inns and different types of convenience, inns are progressively ideal because of their expense of development and lease (Jones Lang LaSalle Hotels, 2010a). The present lodgings in Sydney ought to be moved up to current measures and new ones set up so as to coordinate the current popularity. Both the legislature and the private financial specialists should understand that this sort of venture can go about as a steady wellspring of salary and put resources into them. Albeit because of space, condos can work best, their expense of development is high, and this will call at greater expenses so as to counterbalance the sum utilized for development. Lodgings are somewhat less expensive and individuals from all bores can manage. A factor likewise to consider is the change or the private rooms inside the city again into their underlying reason s for settlement (Wilttshire, 2008). This has an immediate bearing in the decrease of the measure of cash that could be utilized in building new rooms. These rooms ought to be redesigned, and moved up to meet the current convenience prerequisite. End according to the report given by the Jones Lang LaSalle Hotels on accomm

Choosing Your Writing Services Online

Choosing Your Writing Services OnlineMany writers find the need to be able to write and present their thoughts to their audience, but this requires skills, such as being able to choose the right words and the right tone for each one. However, if you can find freelance writers who are looking for a piece of writing that suits their specific needs, you may find yourself creating professional, quality pieces of writing in an area you never thought possible. Using online writing services can help you do this, because you will be able to find the ideal writers for the job.You don't have to leave your home or town to find freelance writers. Online writing services are available in virtually every language and region that you could imagine. The best part is that if you aren't familiar with a language or region, there is a wealth of information on the internet to help you. You can simply type 'freelance writers' into your search engine and you will be provided with a list of potential writer s in your area, their locations, and their specialties.While finding freelance writers doesn't have to be an overwhelming experience, it's best to get the help you need before you begin. Finding the right writers can seem like a daunting task, but it's not. There are dozens of websites that provide this service and all you have to do is do a simple search. When you find the ones that match your needs, you will be able to get in touch with them and request a sample.Most online writing services offer a free quote so you can ask them about any extra charges or extra services they offer, such as proofreading or editing. Sometimes, some writers are hesitant to take any kind of assistance, but sometimes the writer feels too intimidated to ask for an extra service. This isn't the way to go about finding a writer. If you get in touch with them immediately and offer to pay them for the extra services, you should be able to get the writers to work with you.In order to choose the best writers for your project, you need to find an online writing service that offers different writing services. You can search by location, grammar and spelling, and other related topics. Once you narrow down your search to just writers who are experienced in writing services, you will find the perfect writers. You may also want to go online and find reviews on the website to see what other people think of the writers you are considering.There are writers that are perfect for every kind of job, but it's always important to choose someone with experience. After all, your piece of writing can be your new career, so you want someone who has dealt with many different types of situations. It's also helpful to find writers who can accommodate your writing style. Some writers specialize in literary pieces, while others prefer news, articles, or even dissertations.Because there are a number of freelance writers available online, you will want to make sure that you are selecting writers based on the ex perience and professionalism they offer, rather than anything else. If you know what you want, you can often find the best writers online to work with. Of course, you want to make sure that you know what you want before you begin, but a little research can help you find the perfect writers for your project. Freelance writers tend to be the best people to turn to when you need quality, professional quality writing done.With freelance writers available online, you don't have to leave your home or town to find the writers who can write for you. You may choose to find one writer, but with a variety of writers available at your fingertips, you can easily get exactly what you need. If you can't seem to find the perfect writers in your area, you can search for quality writers online and all you have to do is type in your requirements and you'll find what you need. If you don't find what you're looking for, it's always good to look for something better online because you may end up with som ething that you really love.

Ethical and Governance Issues Raised - 3252 Words

Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Discussion of case study 2 2.1 Identification of the Ethical and Governance issues raised in the case study 2 2.2 Critical analysis of the main ethical and the governance issues raised in the case study 5 2.3 An evaluation of the conditions that enabled the issues identified to arise 7 2.4 Recommendations to the company 9 3 Conclusion 11 4 References 12 Introduction Apple is one of the most successful companies to date, they have dominated most of the markets they have entered, and all of this was able to become a reality because of Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple. He is seen as a somewhat genius when it comes to business, and his employees seem to be very satisfied, but what most people†¦show more content†¦corporate social responsibility; and (2) what has Apple actually done in regards to ensuring that its Chinese suppliers comply with Apple’s values. Corporations such as Apple, are constantly under pressure to maximise shareholder wealth, as shareholders are the ultimate owners of the company. A key proponent of this view was Nobel-Prize winning economist, Milton Friedman. Friedman states in a New York Times article (1962) that managers’ key responsibility as agents was to the act in shareholders’ best interests; this was management’s social responsibility. By acting in the interest of others, such as the interest of society, management are not fulfilling their duty to shareholders and are effectively imposing a tax on shareholders, who could more efficiently allocate their resources to this purpose rather than rely on corporations. However, modern theory known as corporate social responsibility (CSR), has complicated the situation in that stating that companies are not only responsible to its shareholders, but also to the stakeholders which its actions may impact (Freeman 1984). While this may seem to contradict the mantra of profit maximisation, Russo and Perrini (2010) suggest that in today’s conscience-minded society, success is based not only on maximising profit but also on a corporation’s stakeholder relationships, which include social and environmental issues. The important factor in understanding CSR is that organisationsShow MoreRelatedFinancial Management And Corporate Social Responsibility1216 Words   |  5 Pagesworld these days as well as the significant growth of organization, there are such key concerns on not only the issue of financial management or corporate social responsibility, but also the importance of ethics and governance, in which how an organization manages its business acting in the best interests of public and stakeholders. Indeed, there has been several of the failure of governance, fraud or bankrupt of large scale organizations in recent decades namely Arthur Anderson Enron, AustralianRead MoreCode Of Conduct Through Their Own Behavior1408 Words   |  6 PagesDefined the code of ethics is written standards that are reasonably designed to deter wrongdoing and to promote (Cornell University Law School, 2005): †¢ Code of conduct through their own behavior. Honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships; †¢ Full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that a company files with, or submits to, the Commission and inRead MoreIntegrating Sustainable Business Practices to an Organization1567 Words   |  6 Pagesbankrupt (Drotskie,2014,chap.5,p.92).Makgoba stated that South Africa has ethical dilemmas that results to the level of distrust for the government. 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Essay On Campaign Finance - 753 Words

What is the current status of campaign finance reform? Campaign Finance alludes to attempts to control the courses in which political crusades are supported. This incorporates all burning through done to advance or bolster the advancement of applicants, ticket measures, political gatherings and thats only the tip of the iceberg. Directions can be connected to regular people, enterprises, political activity boards of trustees, political gatherings and different associations. They can come as motivating forces, for example, giving open financing to applicants who maintain spending limits, and limitations, for example, commitment confines on givers. Authoritative endeavors, legal decisions and native activities have every single assumed†¦show more content†¦Is reform a realistic expectation of the American political process? Yes, reform is a realistic expectation of the American political process. The inquiry ought to be how to change? The appropriate response is, at one time a government official clears a specific obstacle, similar to a specific number of marks, in particular, free broadcast appointment on TV and Radio.Reform of the financing of political gatherings and competitors is conceivable, as well as can be extremely vainglorious. On the off chance that all limitations were lifted, the applicants could get cash from organizations, people, guilds and of any sort of source they acknowledge. This would all be open learning and the individual voters would approach this data. Hopefuls would be responsible for their own financing; the competitor would be responsible not just for the cash got, but the resulting voting. Cash is given by associations however not focusing on a particular competitor or crusade is now and again named delicate cash. This cash can be utilized for a political gathering on asso ciations, enrolling, or such things, without particularly naming an applicant. This can called unregulatedbecause it doesnt go to a specific competitor, despite the fact that some say that is the real outcome. In this way,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Campaign Finance1196 Words   |  5 PagesNecessity of Campaign Finance The right of free speech granted to all citizens in the first amendment, the necessity of funding expensive political campaigns, and the fact that small donations make a candidate responsive to the needs of their constituents, all make any restrictions on campaign financing unneeded and onerous. Congress should strike down any bills attempting to reform this essential part of the U.S. election process. Any further restrictions on donations to political campaigns will proveRead MoreEssay on Campaign Finance Issues2167 Words   |  9 Pagesa voice in our own government. Elections are the choice microphones for many citizens. There on Election Day, they have the right of making their voices heard; however, many interest groups and a few individuals seem to have a louder voice due to campaign financing: No U.S. official should be beholden to one or a few groups. And no group or individual should have a greater claim on our elected leaders than any other. That’s the way it should work. But it is growing clear to more and more AmericansRead MoreEssay on Campaign Finance Reform1003 Words   |  5 PagesCampaign Finance Reform The politics is a stage for many different characters of whom each is trying to convince their audience to give them the loudest cheer and the grand applause. Politicians who played the acts will do their best and sometimes will do everything to win the hearts of their audience and that means to win at all cost. 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Federal Election Commission, the Court essentially decided to treat corporations like individuals by allowing corporations to spend money on federal electionsRead MoreThe Politics of Campaign Finance Essay2530 Words   |  11 Pagestoday that we cannot go a day with out seeing campaign finance in the media, whether or not it is through advertisements for politicians in the media or asked to donate money to help let your favorite candidate win. Because campa ign finance has always been on the back burner of political issues, there has hardly been any change to the large influence money has over the election process and politicians. While money has it’s place in the way campaigns are not it should not be the sole determinant ofRead MoreCampaign Finance Reform Essay3020 Words   |  13 Pagestheir campaign. Contributors range from unions, religious leaders, organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD), the National Rifle Association (NRA), and senior citizens groups. When these groups, known as special interest groups, donate to candidate’s campaign, they expect the candidate to respond to their issues. Because special interest groups, as well as private citizens donate more and more money to campaigns, there is some concern that there is a great need for campaign financeRead MoreCampaign Finance Reform Essay454 Words   |  2 PagesCampaign Finance Reform Campaign finance issues are complicated in the United States by the fact that the funding sources of the Republican and Democratic parties differ so sharply. As a result, any reforms intended to affect one kind of funding are likely to adversely and disproportionately affect one of the two parties. Furthermore, while most issues on which elected officials decide concern benefits for constituents. Campaign finance reform involves changing an institution that benefitsRead MoreEssay about Campaign Finance Reform1256 Words   |  6 PagesCampaign Finance Reform With the introduction of â€Å"soft† money in politics, elections no longer go to the best candidate, but simply to the richer one. Soft money is defined as unregulated money that is given to the political parties that ends up being used by candidates in an election. In last year’s elections, the Republican and Democratic parties raised more than one-half of a billion dollars in soft money. Current politicians are pushing the envelope farther than any previous administrations

Queen Mary Of A Bloody Mary Essay - 1503 Words

Thomas Salter Mrs. Lusk Parrish English 11 Accelerated 11 March 2016 Queen Bloody Mary Did you know that the legend of Bloody Mary is real and originated with Queen Mary I of England, the source of over 300 deaths? Over 400 years ago, Queen Mary Tudor ruled in England from 1553, until her death in 1558. Mary was a Catholic and so were her parents, but when her Mother and father got divorced, her father switched to a Protestant faith. When she became Queen she quickly reformed her Father religious laws so she could return England back to its Catholic faith. In doing so she had hundreds of Protestants burnt alive to prove that she was not playing and really want some change in England. By doing this she gained the nickname Bloody Mary. Mary really had no one to blame for her actions as Queen, her childhood was great, her reign was short, and death will always be remembered in the history of the Tudor dynasty. Childhood Mary Tudor was born on February 18, 1516. Her parents were Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She was the oldest of two half siblings. Everything was going well for the family until; Mary s father realized that he had to divorce Catherine. The reason for the divorce Mary s father knew that In Marrying her he had sinned twice over: once by committing incest and again by disobeying the injunction in the book of Leviticus against ‘uncovering the nakedness of thy brother s wife (Erickson 78). After the divorce, Mary s father broke all relations with theShow MoreRelatedBloody Mary and The Virgin Queen1970 Words   |  8 PagesBloody Mary and the Virgin Queen Mary and Elizabeth Tudor were both, by all accounts, strong and intelligent women endowed with many of the qualities that mark a successful ruler. However, only Elizabeths legacy is a positive one; her reign has been called the Golden Age of England, and she remains a heroine in popular history and even modern film. Marys reign is scowled at, and seen by most as a brief unpleasant period preceding the glorious ascension of Elizabeth. To account for thisRead MoreEssay about Bloody Queen Mary: Whats in a Name?1072 Words   |  5 Pagesperson to better understand their personalities. In order to understand whether Queen Mary deserves her nickname we must first look at her history. Mary I of England was born on February 18th 1516. She was the only surviving child of Henry VIII’s first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Due to her gender and her mother’s incapability to produce a male heir, they were both cast away. It was after the death of Edward VI in which Mary made a bid for her birthright as heir to the throne. Edward VI and his councilRead MoreMary Tudor s Bloody Mary1412 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Mary Mary quite contrary. How does your garden grow? With silver bells and cockleshells. And pretty maids all in a row.† This is a nursery that is believed to be associated with Mary Tudor, most commonly known as â€Å"Bloody Mary†. Sounds like an innocent nursey rhyme, right? But really, according to Gillies, the garden in the nursery rhyme is a reference to graveyards which were increasing in size, with those who dared to continue to follow the Protestant faith. The silver bells and cockleshells wereRead More Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary): The True Story Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesshe was a king’s sister, she was a king’s wife, she was a queen, and by the same title a king also† # Mary Tudor was an influential women of her time period. Many in modern society know her for her particularly bad reputation as Bloody Mary, h owever they do not realize the contributions she made, or her influence on history . The story behind Mary’s reputation gives insight as to her true accomplishments as England’s first queen. When Mary Tudor was born on February 18, 1516, she was the only childRead MoreMary Tudor : Old And New Perspectives Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesMary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives, is a new look at a woman that has been studied for decades. This book is a positive, and different, look on Mary Tudors reign as queen of England. This novel is composed of essays by ten different historians who analyze different aspects of Mary’s reign and provide new perspectives on it. The book is split into two sections, old and new perspectives. The first section, old perspectives, is a broader look of Mary’s reign and reputation after her death. The secondRead MoreDid Mary I deserve the title bloody mary?1488 Words   |  6 PagesDid Mary I deserve the title ‘Bloody Mary’? The question of this essay is ‘Did Mary I really deserve the nickname ‘Bloody Mary’? This essay will show the reasons why she does and why she doesn’t deserve the nickname. Mary I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She was claimed illegitimate by her father and was forced to sign papers saying that he had never married her mother (Catherine of Aragon). Mary wasn’t allowed to see her mother and was sent away by Henry VIII. She followedRead MoreIs Queen Mary The First?1042 Words   |  5 Pages2nd 9 weeks Research Paper Who was Queen Mary the first? Queen Mary the first was an interesting person in history. She did many things in the short time she was in power. In my paper, I’m going to talk about her family, what she did during her rule, the way she controlled the economics of Europe, and the standard of life during Mary’s life time. Let me tell you more. There are many reasons Mary’s family was important to the way she was. Mary was the only child that lived although she wasRead More Queen Elizabeth Essay examples1227 Words   |  5 Pages Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth, the first, proved to be a very good and loyal monarch to England. She brought about many changes, both good and bad. On September 7, 1533 a baby girl came into the world. Back then many parents would have been greatly disappointed to have had a baby girl, rather then a boy. However these parents were glad by the birth of their first child together. These proud parents were the king and queen of England, King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The girl child was namedRead MoreQueen Elizabeth I Of England1040 Words   |  5 Pagesblack hole against her pale complexion. The year was 1587, Elizabeth had gone through so much to be here. Oh, my mistake, I should probably refer to her by her formal name. The Elizabeth of this daring story full of anger and spite is none other than Queen Elizabeth I of England. To tell the full story though, we must travel back some 50 years to when Elizabeth was only 3 years old. The year is 1536, her mother, Anne Boleyn, has failed to produce a son for her husband King Henry VIII. Now here s whereRead MoreQueen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England1626 Words   |  7 PagesQueen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England Sixteenth century England experienced a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the Age of Queens. The decisive power of the country was placed in women’s hands and their reigns were watched with a reasonable doubt. There is contrast of rule in terms of reigns between Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England, both of whom were engaged in a protracted struggle for the English throne. Beside the legitimacy of their claims, there are more significant considerations

Relation Between Health and Human Right - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Is there a relationship between health and human rights? Answer: The human right for the healthcare means each and every people having the right to avail the best quality of physical and mental health. It includes access to all health care services such as medicines, proper sanitation, sufficient food, housing and a good environment. Medicare, a government health scheme provides the public health care to the Australian citizen and the permanent residents. Medicare covers a range of service for a very little cost or no cost (Nicholson et al., 2012). The human right to health promises a sound and perfect healthcare protection for each individual. Every person has the right to get the care for health they need and proper living conditions which enables the people to stay healthy. The health care must be given to the people for the benefit of the public. Health care professionals take care of the human rights and the heat issues which help them in promoting the health conditions of the common people (Britt et al., 2013. The health policies and programs are used for promoting the human rights. These policies can also be misused or violated in their design and implementation in the healthcare system. There are many different types of connections between health care and human rights. The discriminatory practices in the healthcare system are a threat to the physical and mental healthcare. The violation of the human rights is the biggest issue in the designing the policies and during implementing the health policies (Hunt, 2006). Throughout the world most of the people dont have access to the basic mental and physical health care. Some of the people dont have any access to the healthcare due to lack of economy. Violation of human rights is one of the causes of poor health care conditions (Ivanov, Oden, 2013). The responsibilities of patients include the actions which are needed for the patients that the healthcare providers can provides. They can make proper care, address accurate needs of the patients and maintain a good healthcare facility. The relationship between the human rights and the healthcare practices is vey affective. The health policies cause the strong positive and negative impacts on the healthcare. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the promotion and protection of health requires a strong efforts for the protection of human rights and dignity. In addition to this a proper care of the health can be done by the fulfillment of the human rights and its social determinants. It can also be said that a proper human right is necessary for the proper healthcare treatment and vice versa. References: Britt, H., Miller, G. C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., ... O'Halloran, J. (2013).General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health(No. 33). Sydney University Press. Health Nursing, vol.30 issue(3), p.231-238. Hunt, P. (2006). The human right to the highest attainable standard of health: new opportunities and challenges.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,vol100 issue(7), p.603-607. Ivanov, L. L., amp; Oden, T. L. (2013). Public health nursing, ethics and human rights.Public Nicholson, C., Jackson, C. L., Marley, J. E., Wells, R. (2012). The Australian experiment: how primary health care organizations supported the evolution of a primary health care system.The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,25(Suppl 1), S18-S26.

Wrestling with Ethics

Nowadays marketers play a significant role in the development of people society, since these are marketers who â€Å"search for unmet needs, encourage the development of products and services addressing these needs†, and due to their efforts we now have so comfortable, helpful, beautiful and delicious goods (Kotler, 2004, p.35).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Wrestling with Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But sometimes people in their chase for comfort or pleasure want things that can be extremely harmful for others and even themselves, so here a dilemma for marketers emerges: should they or they should not develop and promote goods, which can constitute a threat for consumers or the society on the whole. To my mind, it is highly important to make goods work for people, but not make harm to them. It is clear that the major aim of the companies is gaining profit and one of the main ways to reach this goal is to satisfy consumers’ needs, and at present even to foresee these needs and provide consumers with what they want even before they want it (Gorchels, 2006, p. 5). But, I believe, that successful firms can and should choose among customers’ need and develop only those goods and services which are really needed for society development and can never be harmful. And big companies already understand that and try to develop new safe goods. For instance, PepsiCo has made a decision â€Å"to shift its flagship brand to Diet Pepsi, rather than regular Pepsi† (Gorchels, 2006, p.17). This became a result of growing problem of obesity and â€Å"aging Baby Boomers† which â€Å"have impacted sales† (Gorchels, 2006, p.17). Of course, this only reduces negative impact of Pepsi, and makes it a bit healthier, but it is not enough. In my opinion, they should continue researching to find the way to maintain the taste, for this is what consumers l ike, and replace the harmful ingredients with healthy ones or, ideally, with useful ingredients which will contribute into human body development. Moreover, our technology can make all this come true. But more immediate results can bring the method of â€Å"increasing â€Å"sin† taxes† (Kotler, 2004, p.33). And this can be very effective, since, first of all, people will have to pay more for their doubtful pleasure, so they will think more whether they need to harm their health (and social programs make people aware of all that harm) and pay even more, and, finally they can come to a conclusion to get involved into sports and healthy hobbies. The second outcome of this method is that the government gets more money that can be used for social programs to prevent people from using such harmful goods, or for development of medicine and promotion of healthy way of life. But I’d like to add that, though Kotler mentions charity donations of big companies, for example McDonalds, (2004, p. 32), it is obvious that it is not the way out.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is impossible and really cynic to believe that such big company’s mischief will vanish after its giving some money to a hospital or orphanage. But instead Kotler (2004) gives the possible way out even for McDonalds suggesting them to provide more healthy food and very its menu, enriching it with different salads, etc. (p. 32). Thus, it is necessary to promote social responsibilities within big or even international enterprises with the help of government and consumers’ education. But, to my mind, it is necessary to pay more attention to education even from the kindergarten to grow responsible people who will understand the importance of providing necessary and socially friendly goods. Reference Gorchels, L. (2006). The Product manager’s handb ook. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Kotler, Philip. (2004). Marketers Wrestle With Ethical Questions: Is Marketing Ethics an Oxymoron?. Marketing Management. 13(6), 30-35. This critical writing on Wrestling with Ethics was written and submitted by user Graysen K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to write a winning business plan - Emphasis

How to write a winning business plan How to write a winning business plan Whether youre setting up a new business venture or trying to get the go-ahead for a project, theres one essential document you need. Rob Ashton, Chief Executive of Emphasis, gives a step-by-step guide to writing a good business plan. Why you need one Theres a memorable conversation in Lewis Carrolls novel Alice in Wonderland, where Alice asks the Cheshire cat for directions. She says it doesnt matter where she gets to, as long as she gets somewhere. This leads the cat to reply: Then it doesnt matter which way you go. If you dont have a crystal-clear vision of where you want your business to go, youll be as confused as Alice when you hit a crossroads. Your business plan is your route to growth and success. But in order to write it, you need to know what you really want to achieve. This means youll have to spend time examining the strengths and weaknesses of your business, a process that has numerous pay-offs in itself. Researching your own company helps you to take a critical look at what you have to offer and who your competitors are. This enables you to better navigate the industry minefields and gives you a benchmark against which to measure success. Many people think of business plans as a necessary evil, written only to gain external funding. Instead, look at yours as an essential planning tool, whatever your financial situation. Remember, if you dont plan where to go, youre inadvertently planning on going nowhere. Crafting your business plan Heres a seven-step guide to writing your business plan. Work through each section and youll have an ordered, content-rich document that gets you where you want to go. Step one Description of the business After the executive summary (see step seven), the first thing youll need to do is describe your business. Get started by asking the following questions: What do I sell or offer? Why? To whom do I sell? What is the history of the business? What is my vision for the future? What is different about the services I offer? What is the legal structure of the company? Think about your audience carefully before you write the description. Ask yourself what words and phrases they will understand and be careful not to include too much jargon. Step two Market research Think about your industry and what you think the future trends will be. Then analyse your competition. Determine what size of the market they hold and then clearly define where you fit into the mix. Step three Marketing and sales strategy Ask yourself why companies buy what you offer, and how you sell it. Think about how you are going to reach the organisations that need your services and what pricing plans youll offer. Whether youre an in-house department, specialist contractor or a large multi-service company, therell be a variety of ways to reach prospective clients. Step four Management and personnel team Many facilities management companies claim that people are their best asset. Think carefully about your management team and outline the background, experience and qualifications of each individual. The people on your team will often make or break your success. Fully evaluate their credentials and look out for any skill gaps that could be improved with training. Step five Operations Analyse the location of your business, in terms of advantages and disadvantages. Your own premises, production facilities and IT systems must be excellent. Make sure you address any weaknesses in your plan with recommendations for improvement. Step six Financial forecast This section requires you to translate the contents of your plan into numbers. Include cash flow statements, profit and loss forecasts and a sales forecast. Dont forget that if youre looking for funding, you need to spell out how much you need and how youll repay the loan. Step seven The executive summary Leave this until last, even though it goes right at the beginning. Once youve followed all the other steps, youre in a position to write this stand-alone document, which outlines the key points in your entire plan. Keep it to a maximum of two pages. Remember, some people will only read this section so make it shine. Tip: rather than trying to distil the full document down, follow your original document plan. Just write less in each section this time (a couple of sentences or a paragraph, rather than several pages). Finally, the ink may be dry but your business is constantly changing. Your business plan is a dynamic document, so youll need to update it regularly.

MIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MIS - Essay Example McDonalds is a leading multinational fast food chain whereas Apple Inc. on the other hand is an American multinational whose core business is designing, developing as well as selling consumer electronics, online services, computer hardware as well as personal computers. The two companies use MIS differently so as to achieve their business goals as well as objectives. Management information system for most organizations entails a system that offers information required in management of organizations efficiently.MIS consists of 3 fundamental resources that include; information, technology as well as people; with people being the most significant resource. The information received usually supports the everyday decision making in the working areas. McDonalds MIS is implemented and utilized in the production of periodic reports like everyday list of employees as well as the hours they have worked, or monthly record of expenses in comparison to a budget. McDonalds therefore makes use of MIS since the objective of MIS is provision of profitability as well as information to assist managers together with staff comprehend the performance of business as well as its future direction. In addition, MIS impacts McDonalds in ensuring timely and accurate transaction processing, streamlining records together with accounting management, in the process standardizin g business processes at McDonalds.MIS also offers interactive support to mangers assisting them in making critical decisions for McDonalds as well as providing a systematic easy formats for digging out important information as per particular needs .MIS therefore greatly helps McDonalds in saving time thus enabling the restaurant chain to gain a lot of competitive advantage as compared to others (Hossein, 2011). On the other hand Apple Inc is a company whose main goal is to always be an innovation leader. This is the same philosophy that extends even in the way that they manage

Banking and Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Banking and Finance - Essay Example Globalisation has not only offered a whole range of opportunities to the corporate world, but the retail customer too has a whole range of options to carry out banking transactions. The banking industry too has implemented a wide range of strategies in order to make its services more attractive to the customers, while taking best advantage of the advancements in the IT. In this study an effort would be made to form a reliable strategic analysis about the banking industry in general with particular emphasis about the industry in Cyprus. Banking services in general are broadly of two types namely, retail banking and corporate banking or business banking. While retail banking serves the individual customer, Corporate Banking, as the name itself suggests, implies that the services are extended by banks and financial institutions towards fulfilling the diverse banking needs of the corporate world. The banking and financial services offered for local as well as global operations by banks forms the working capital of the companies. Different banks have different types of strategies to deal with corporate customers, but Tyler and Stanley (2001) emphasize that a strong inclination towards the use of personal relationship between banker and company client continues to be the cornerstone of this type of banking. In today's context such interactions become all the more crucial because more alternatives are available to the customers now. Banks and financial institutions also realize the heightened levels of competition and try to adopt as many customer friendly measures as possible to have good customer profile. The ongoing economic recession has had an adverse impact on the Cyprus economy as well. If recent reports are an indication, the economic activity in Cyprus is yet to see an upward trend. News reports indicate that despite some indications of revival in the economic conditions of rest of the European region, the Cypriot economy appear to see a full year of contraction (EIU, 2009). Slump in construction activity, falling investment spending and weak external demand are termed as major factors contributing towards this scenario. This might result in a challenging situation for the banking industry in Cyprus. 1.4. Banking Industry in Cyprus: PESTLE Analysis Tools like PESTLE and Porter's five forces analysis help in analyzing the overall situation prevailing in the market in an effective manner. PESTLE stands for political, economical, socio-cultural, technological, legal and ecological factors. It is

Investigating The Causal Natures of Chance and Spontaneity Essay Example for Free

Investigating The Causal Natures of Chance and Spontaneity Essay After introducing the principle causes (efficient, formal, material, final), Aristotle talks about chance and spontaneity in Book II, (Physics) for the purpose of investigating their place among the said causes. Aristotle bases his enquiry on the observation that in history, these terms are conflictive in their interpretation. Some people say that everything that we consider luck or spontaneity really has some underlying definite cause. Yet there are other people, such as Empedocles, who invoke chance when describing the physics of air; or some, who â€Å"ascribe this heavenly sphere and all the worlds to spontaneity† (196a 25). In setting out to elucidate the nature of these terms and their place among the causes, Aristotle contends that chance and spontaneity are not explanatory causes of their own, but concurrent causes. By drawing from Aristotle’s view on nature and deliberate intention, this essay sets out to develop a clear understanding of the term concurrent in relation to chance and spontaneity. Aristotle begins his account with the basic observation that some things always occur in the same way and some things occur for the most part in the same way. Yet some occurrences are exceptional-this third category, according to Aristotle, is the class of chance and spontaneity: â€Å"†¦as there is a third class of events besides these two-events which all say are ‘by chance’-it is plain that there is such a thing as chance and spontaneity† (196b 12-14). He continues to state that events that occur, but that do not occur as a direct result of intent (thought) or nature, but rather incidentally, â€Å"are said to be ‘by chance’† (196b 24). Here, we can identify what constitutes an event of chance or spontaneity. It seems that when the specific cause does not yield the intended result always or for the most part, then the result is produced by chance or spontaneity. Conversely, when the cause does yield the intended result always or for the most part, then chance or spontaneity has not affected the process. At this point, it is necessary to distinguish chance from spontaneity. Clearly then, when events directed towards an end â€Å"do not come to pass for the sake of what actually results, and (3) have an external cause† (197b 18-19) we ascribe this to spontaneity and chance. Chance follows this same structure, but differs only in that the external cause is the deliberate intent of rational beings. In other words, chance exists only for â€Å"agents that are capable of good fortune and of moral actions† (197b 1-2); for rational beings that are capable of â€Å"intelligent deliberation† (197a 2). Spontaneity, on the other hand, â€Å"is found both in the lower animals and in many inanimate objects† (197b 14-15). Before analyzing the way that chance and spontaneity are concurrent causes, it is necessary to understand Aristotle’s example of the house and house builder. The efficient (and determinable) cause is that which can build the house, while the concurrent cause (the builder’s skin tone or musical ability) is infinite in range, (and thus is indeterminable). By ‘concurrent cause’, it follows that chance and spontaneity are indeed some form of cause, for †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦just as a thing is something either in virtue of itself or incidentally, so it may be a cause† (196b 25-26). Aristotle further states that they (chance and spontaneity) come â€Å"to pass among events which are for the sake of something†. 196b 30-31) Thus, chance and spontaneity are causes by virtue of concurrence with a principle cause, and occur concurrently with events directed towards an end. Yet, what does it mean to say that chance or spontaneity occur concurrently with a cause directed towards an end? First, we will investigate chance as a concurrent cause. In the example in chapter 5, a man goes to the market with a specific purpose (to buy fruits for example), and by chance, he meets his debtor and collects subscriptions for a feast. According to Aristotle, if â€Å"he had gone of deliberate purpose and for the sake of this [to collect the money]-if he always or normally went there when he was collecting payments-he would not be said to have gone ‘by chance. ’† (197a 4-6) We have established that, for this event to be one that occurred by chance, it is necessary both that the man travel to the market with a purpose other than to collect the money, and that the man not frequent the market with this purpose. It follows that collecting the money is not â€Å"a cause present in himself† (197a 1) because it is not his intent at the time. Thus, we only invoke chance when the event is not intended to occur by the rational agents involved. It seems that the event can be explained by the coinciding of each of the individuals’ efficient causes. In the case of chance, and not spontaneity, we are dealing with â€Å"those actions for the sake of something which involve purpose† (197a 6); implying intelligent reflection. This is important to note, as the individual causes of each person stems from their own â€Å"intelligent deliberation[s]†-the haracterizing difference between spontaneity and chance. In Ethics (III), Aristotle argues that humans have control over their own actions, that they are able to choose the means to their end in view. Applied to this scenario, the act of going to buy fruits (the efficient cause) by the collector, and the separate efficient cause of the debtor, intersected to produce an unintended encounter. Yet exactly how chance occurs concurrently is still ambiguous-for it seems that chance is just an observation of the unlikelihood of the two events coinciding. Clearly the conclusion here is that chance does not provide the true cause of the meeting, â€Å"it is not the cause-without qualification-of anything† (197a 14). Aristotle’s example in chapter 5, in which â€Å"the pale or the musical† (196b 27) are incidental causes of the house builder, seems to be analogous to the example of the market place. By this, it seems that chance occurs concurrently with any or one of the 4 causes in the same way that musical talent is a concurrent cause of the house. Plainly, the house builder’s skin tone or musical ability does not provide an explanatory cause for the construction of the house. There are an infinite number of accidental traits that the builder could have which would be irrelevant to the construction of the house. Thus, the only way to see this chance as concurrent is to conclude that it is simultaneously present in the builder (who is an efficient cause). By equivalence, â€Å"the causes of the man’s coming and getting the money are innumerable† (197a 16), (for he could have gone to the market for many reasons). Yet, it is clear that only one intended action could cause the unintentional result of the meeting. Given these assertions, it seems correct to say that events occurring by chance are unintentional (the agent had no intention of this result at that time). The reason for this is because the primary causes are intentional. In the building of a chair, for example, Aristotle would agree that all 4 causes are intentional: for the creator intends a final purpose for the chair, builds it purposefully with a certain material, builds it according to a form which he has chosen, and knows that he is the cause of its’ existence as a chair. Thus, the causes of events are always intentional, while chance events are unintentional (on the part of the rational agents); and like the accidental traits of the builder, occur simultaneously with the primary causes. Given that there are an infinite number of acts that a rational being may choose, it is clear that only some of these actions can result in an event of chance. As Aristotle puts it â€Å"some incidental causes are more relevant than others† (197a 24). It follows that we invoke ‘chance’ only when the purposeful actions of a rational agent coincide with other actions and produce an unintended event. Thus, it now seems reasonable to say that only a specific chance ‘cause’ (going to buy fruits) could produce the event deemed chanceful (the meeting). Since only some intentional acts will result in an event of chance, (an event unintended by the person’s actions), it makes sense to say that a chance cause occurs simultaneously in the individual with the efficient cause, for it is this cause in him (the efficient cause) that leads him to the improbable result. It is at this point that we turn to spontaneity, which according to Aristotle, is in the realm of lower animals and the inanimate-things incapable of deliberate intention. Aristotle views natural things as those which, â€Å"by a continuous movement originated from an internal principle, arrive at some completion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (199b 18). He uses the example of the doctor doctoring himself to illustrate how natural things have within them a final cause, by which form guides material to achieve this end (Physics II:8). So while man can deliberately choose a means to an end, and in doing so may accidentally intersect with another individual and deem their encounter chanceful, natural things do not deliberately chose. The natural motion is â€Å"seeking an end† (199a 5)- but this final cause within the natural thing is not a deliberate choice of intelligent deliberation. Unless impeded by a chance natural event that is irrelevant to the end in view, the natural process will realize it’s end; for nature does nothing in vain, nothing superfluous (On the Heavens). The rain clouds forming and dropping over the crops for example, are not the result of chance of spontaneity (198b 19). All natural things have a function in a greater whole and within their being have a final cause to which they form. It is for this reason that Aristotle says that when a natural process does not attain it’s end according to it’s final cause, the means to this accidental result were â€Å"in vain† (197b 24). How does spontaneity occur concurrently then? Since natural things have a â€Å"cause that operates for a purpose† (196b 32), it must be when this end is not attained, as we have seen, that spontaneity has occurred concurrently. In the case of chance, as we have seen, the event of chance occurs because humans have an infinite number of actions to chose from. With nature, however, Aristotle does not suggest that nature itself has a deliberate intention. Necessarily then, it is when a natural process is affected by another natural process or human deliberation that it diverts from it’s final cause, and in doing so, can produce events of spontaneity. Thus, while a human may chose the way in which he achieves his end, and in doing so may unknowingly chose an action which will lead to an improbable event, natural things change from potentiality to actuality in strict accordance with the final cause within them. Spontaneity occurring concurrently with another cause of a natural thing does not constitute a fifth cause, but is only an indication that the process did not follow completely it’s natural course (it’s final cause) and was impeded by an external event (either natural or a result of intelligent deliberation). Conclusively, chance occurs concurrently with the efficient cause of the individual in the sense that it is a simultaneously present, for only this specific efficient cause could lead to the chance event. Chance is however not an explanatory cause of it’s own, and the event considered chanceful can be explained solely with the individual efficient causes of the persons. Spontaneity occurring concurrently is thus identical to the way chance occurs concurrently, yet natural processes have specific inherent purposes-they are not events resulting from deliberate intent. As a result, spontaneity is said to occur when natural processes do not attain their end (the process was ‘in vain’), and are affected by an external event (deliberate or natural), thus producing an improbable event.

Holgraves challenges Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Challenges and changes are a part of life. Many people, especially elderly who have set views can very easily resent changes and anything that can be seen as a challenge to their ideas and the tines they remember. Magic has always been part of life but sometimes the magic life takes on a maliciois spirit when manipulated by those who seek to bring about ruin. Society is built on traditions and revolutions to challenge others. These seemingly unconnected ideas come together in the character of Holgrave ans the plot of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The House of the Seven Gables. Holgrave works as a force of change and challenges conceptions through his profession as a daguerreotypist. But at the same time his ideas ans actions are based on his identy os a Maule, a family, which meet its downfall by the work of a Pyncheon in Puritan days of settlement. Holgrave affects changes in the novel and works to help others see the truth of the sitution. Holgrave himself and his views on th e past are changed by his actions in marrying a Pyncheon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hepzibah is scarred by the chllenges to her own conventionally and sees what holgrave stands for as a threat to her ideas but he does not frighteen her. She had orginally seen him as a â€Å"well-meaning and ordwely young man† (Hawthorne 63). This orginal assesment, based on his appearance, is what caused Hepzibah to grant him permission to take out a room. But as time went on â€Å"she hardly knew what to make of him† (63). She observed that his friends all desired new ideas , particularly those of dress. Hepzibah also tells Pheobe that he challenged many ideas in a speech that he had made annd that she believes hinm to be involved as a practioner of the black arts. Pheobe becoms very frightened and inquires as to why Hepzibah allows such a â€Å"lawlwss person† (63) to stay and Hepzibah’s response is â€Å"†¦ he has a law of his own† (63). Even with all these conserns Hepzibah has about holgrave she â€Å"has to admit fro m her own contact with him that even by her formal standardshe is a quiet and orderly young man† (Matthiessen 371). So even though she voices all her suspicions about holgrave’s morality to Pheobe, Hepizbah, in the end, still believes in the truth of her orginal feelings about Holgrave. Not only her acceptance od Holgrave but her dependence on him as shown in the chapter entitled â€Å"The First Custemer†. She... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hawthorne. Ed. Bruce Leone. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. 132-138 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The House of the Seven Gables. New York: Banntam Books, 1981. Marks, Alfred. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Daguerrotypist: Scientist, Artist, Reformer†. The House of the Seven   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gables: An Authorative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Essays in Critism. Ed. Seymore L.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gross. New York, Norton and Company, inc, 1967 330-350 Matthiesses, F. O. â€Å"the House of the Seven Gables American History† The House of the Seven Gables:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An Authoritive Text, Backgrounds, and Sources, Essays in Criticism. Ed. Seymore L. Gross.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, Norton and Company, inc, 1967. 364-375 Von Abele, Roudolph. â€Å"holgrave’s Curious Conversion†. The House of the Seven Gables: An  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Authoritative Text , Backgrounds And Sources, Essays in Criticism. Ed. Seymore L. Gross. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York, Norton and Company, inc, 1967. 394-403.

A Study of Aesthetics in the Call of Duty Franchise

Different but the Same: An Analysis of Aesthetics in the Call of Duty Franchise First Person Shooters (FPS) is one of the most famous genres within the gaming industry. It started with titles like Doom, Counter Strike, and now Call of Duty. Nowadays, console and PC gaming is a billion dollar industry. Multiple corporate and independent developers are working day in and day out to supply the market with better, bigger games. However, there are some titles which stand out from the rest, titles that always seem to be churning out one more instalment.One of these stand-out titles is the Call of Duty Franchise. Call of Duty is a series of games that at present, have nine main instalments, and another nine â€Å"lesser† titles to which the only difference is the console on which they are played. By â€Å"main† instalment, this means that the game was released on multiple platforms, which primarily includes PC, Playstation and the Xbox. It all started in October 29, 2003 with the release of Call of Duty. Since then, there has been a Call of Duty release every year, with Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 being the most recent adaptation, which came out November 12, 2012.The researcher will limit the discussion to the Call of Duty franchise, on the PC platform. To be specific, the four most recent games which include: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, Call of Duty: Black Ops, and Call of Duty: Black Ops 2. The researcher aims to answer the question: Is Call of Duty overrated as a franchise? To answer the question, the researcher will analyze each game on eight components of aesthetics which include: Sensation, Fantasy, Narrative, Challenge, Fellowship, Discovery, Expression and Submission (Hunicke, LeBlanc and Zubek).In answering the question: â€Å"Is Call of Duty overrated as a franchise†, the researcher aims to educate both himself and his reader(s) on the importance of proper video game analysis. Nowadays, it is common to s ee a game receive a large amount of hype, such that gamers, who expected so much from a game, get disappointed and end up feeling like they wasted their money. It happened to Diablo III, where a sequel was created for the highly successful Diablo II, twelve years after it was released. Many gamers ended up disappointed with Diablo III, where changes to the core aesthetics of the game changed the way the game was going to be layed. These kinds of mistakes by the game industry, although excusable, could have been avoided. Likewise, the researcher will use Call of Duty as an example for this method for proper video game analysis. Hopefully, this will shed light on the matter, allowing both gamers and game developers to better understand the manner by which games should be measured. By analyzing on the different components of aesthetics, it would be plausible to define the franchise as â€Å"overrated† if they do not significantly improve in any one aspect and at the same time, d eliver the same kind of performance in each instalment.Before going into the full â€Å"meat† of the analysis, the researcher would like to delve a little into the components of Aesthetics that will be used in the analysis later on. The researcher wishes to stress that most of the analysis on each aesthetic is based on his opinions, based on the fact that he is a dedicated gamer himself. The nature of the analysis of game design using the MDA format is that it considers both the perspectives of the game developer and the player. A key concept of MDA is that the developer and player perceive the game through opposite ends of the spectrum (Portnow).The player would first experience the aesthetics of the game, the general reason that they are playing it. The developer on the other hand, due to the nature of his work, sees the mechanics of the game, and how they influence the dynamics, and eventually the aesthetics. In understanding the definition of these mechanics, dynamics, an d aesthetics, it could be said that a game is overrated when it may be different in mechanics but deliver the same performance in aesthetics. The First Aesthetic: Game as Sense PleasureThe first aesthetic is defined as the game’s ability to stimulate the senses (Portnow). Be it sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell, as long as the game is able to stimulate the senses of the player, this could be considered an aesthetic. For Call of Duty, the senses that are (if at all) stimulated are sight and sound. As a breakdown of sight, the most important parts is the gun itself, the enemies and the â€Å"set† or location. A breakdown of sound would be the general tone, and sound effects. For all four instalments of the game included in the research, the graphics were generally the same.Advances in technology, greater processing power of consoles as well as computers allowed game developers to create richer, more detailed and crisp visuals for the game. However with this in mind, t he modelling and texture of Black Ops 2 with respect to Modern Warfare 2 is significant. However, visuals are much more than the quality of the image, and have more to do with content. Content wise, there is no difference. The gun itself and other equipment are the same. Why? Because they use guns that actually exist in real life, which means that there is no deviation in model and texture.Since all four instalments are set in around the same time frame, the guns present inside are the same. The enemies inside do not differ as well. Generally speaking, enemies are dressed up to characterize them. This is obvious, but this also means that most enemies will be the same. For example, there are multiple instances resent in all four games that require the player to kill people from the middle-east. Scarves, light clothing and the trademark AK47 have become the definition of the terrorist. Sound, also does not differ since it is highly unlikely for the â€Å"sound† of a certain gun to change, because they are based on real-life guns.In multiplayer, the element of music is not as present as in the single player option. In the single player, key plot points and tense moments are always supported by a musical score, and this helps to set the mood. Be it the sad death of an ally or the intense run-and-gun moments, there is the right music for the right time. This would be a reason for a gamer to enjoy the game, but it is hardly different from one instalment to another. Therefore, Call of Duty does not change in this aesthetic. This is in fact due to the basis on real-life elements which actually help the game perform in the next aesthetic.The Second Aesthetic: Game as Make-Believe The paper on MDA defines the second aesthetic as fantasy. That is, the ability of the game to immerse the player in a role that normally he/she would not be able to partake in (Portnow). Call of Duty excels in their performance under this aesthetic. The paper on MDA explains that good g ames would be able to deliver on maybe one or two â€Å"core aesthetics† while great games deliver on three or four. These â€Å"core aesthetics† can also be defined as the primary emotive reasons that a player would want to play a certain game. Fantasy, is one of those core aesthetics when it comes to Call of Duty.Whether it’s being a marine, being a stone-cold killer or a patriot, there is a role that the player is immersed in, and the experience is fed to them in pieces during the experience of play. How this changes from game to game, is another matter altogether. Call of Duty excels in the immersive aspect of play, because of the authenticity of the places, and items inside the â€Å"Call of Duty Universe† and because that the first person point-of-view. Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 in itself is already very good at this immersive aspect, and the experience does not really change from one instalment to another.The game itself, and the developers of the game, seem to have found the magic formula for the immersive aspect. Some would argue that better graphics are part of the immersive aspect. Things that break the immersive aspect are things like bugs, or errors in shading. These break the player away from the experience, and remind him/her that they are only playing a game. In the opinion of the researcher, this is not true. Games predating Call of Duty prove that good graphics does not equal a complete immersive experience. They may help, but it is not the most important thing.Games like Counter Strike, Half Life, Halo, and even some Doom games manage to immerse the player in another role without â€Å"life-like† graphics. In terms of the second aesthetic, Call of Duty shines. Even in the multiplayer where the immersive aspect is not as great (due to the lack of context), the game play alone is enough to make the player feel like a soldier surrounded by enemies, armed only with his gun, and his skill. All in all, the ex perience remains the same. But since it has been said that graphics help marginally to improve it, each game could still be said to have been better than the last, even if it is just by millimetres.The Third Aesthetic: Game as Drama The third aesthetic is narrative. This means that the player is playing the game for the story. In the terms of Call of Duty this means one thing: the single player. Plot wise, the stories of all four instalments covered in this research are practically the same. A soldier is taken out of the â€Å"regular army† to join an elite, top secret team to undergo a save-the-world mission, against an extremist, usually Russian, or Middle-Eastern. That being said, narrative is not one of the core aesthetics of the Call of Duty franchise.However, it is interesting to say that narrative may be one of the reasons for the game developers to create another instalment. Just like movies, the story where the previous game left of, is picked up by the next game. Th e plot in itself is not great, however anyone who played the previous game could be interested in knowing how the story progresses. The narrative in the first three games, Modern Warfare 2, Modern Warfare 3, and Black Ops are player driven. In the game itself, the story will not progress until the player decides to move forward. Also, the game is linear and lacks depth.The player is given the â€Å"illusion of choice† through the tactical action of moment-to-moment decision, however in the end he/she has to kill their enemy to progress. Therefore, the player’s role as the main character is not to â€Å"make decisions† but to â€Å"stay alive†. This in my opinion can get old fast. A person who played Modern Warfare 2 and will play Modern Warfare 3 will know all they need to know, and have seen almost some variation of every part of the campaign. This however, changes in Black Ops 2. The campaign in Black Ops 2 is different from the first three games, and i s significantly better for doing so.Although still not having the â€Å"freedom of total choice† there are still moments in the game, subtle and otherwise, where the player is given the chance to change the plot. To go above ground or below, whether to spare a life or not, these are some of the examples of choice that the player will experience, and will feel a greater depth than ever found in the first three games. Having made an actual choice, a contribution to the plot, the player is excited to play on, anxious to see how his actions impacted the greater scheme of things. When it comes to narrative, the last game is improved significantly.The possibility of choice for the player is no small thing. With choice, came the aspect of â€Å"multiple endings†. In each ending, the player sees how he/she affected the world, and is given an overview of everything that has happened during the campaign. For this aesthetic, Black Ops 2 showed greater depth, and was better for do ing so. The Fourth Aesthetic: Game as Obstacle Course The fourth aesthetic is challenge. From the nature of the genre, First-Person Shooter, to the setting of the game, which are the Cold War and a fictional World War 3, it is obvious that the fourth aesthetic is a core aesthetic of the game.For the analysis of the fourth aesthetic, the researcher will divide the game into two categories: Single player and Multiplayer. This is because that the â€Å"enemy† of both is different, and highly changes the dynamic of play. First, the Single Player, where there is a focus on the one against many. The computer does not use tactically superior moves, but focuses on overwhelming the player with numbers. The â€Å"bad guys† hide in obviously tactical positions: behind the counter, around the corner, against the wall, always facing the player.This creates an obstacle course that the player has to go through, and although is a challenge, can get monotonous and repetitive. In the mu ltiplayer, there is more depth. Since other players online differ from one another, use different weapons and different tactics, this creates a dynamic that the player will require more skill to follow. The multiplayer in Call of Duty did not change much from game to game, if only in mechanics. In this way, it could be said that although challenge is a core aesthetic to the franchise, Call of Duty has already found its niche and no longer needs to change a large aspect of it.However it is still no progress, on the part of the developer. Insight would say that the challenge comes from the other players, and it would be logical to buy the new game if everyone is going to be playing it too. That being said, this is a special aesthetic where the game developer is not the one responsible for challenge, the player is. The Fifth Aesthetic: Game as Social Framework The fifth aesthetic, fellowship, is any game that allows the player to work cooperatively with others (Portnow). In the Call of Duty franchise, this is present in both the single and multiplayer.In the single player, the player is in a sense, part of the team. He/she may even form a connection toward other members, especially when the main character they are playing as holds them in high regard. The pair of Alex Mason and Frank Woods from the Black Ops series is comparable to a Han Solo and Chewbacca, and the player will cherish that bond. It is worth mentioning that the voice acting in Call of Duty is some of the best voice acting in the gaming industry, and this helps the player humanize the fictional characters in-game.In the multiplayer, as a flip side of the aesthetic challenge, bonds are formed in between team mates. Team work is always required for objective-based play, and for people with a good enough gaming set, people in game can talk to each other over the net. The players who experience this aesthetic most are people who enter the game as a group, and have friends with them to share the experie nce in. In this aspect, the game developer does not control much of it, and the players are responsible. For example, why would a person play Modern Warfare 3 when all of his/her friends are playing Black Ops 2?His/her friends are reason enough to but the new game. The Sixth Aesthetic: Game as Uncharted Territory The sixth aesthetic is discovery. Any player who plays the game to see what was previously unknown is a player who plays for discovery (Portnow). Again, this can be divided into the single and multiplayer, as the aspect of discovery is different for both. For the single player, discovery is not a large role to play. There aren’t many things to â€Å"unearth† and most things about the narrative are given to the player as a reward for beating the previous mission. This is true for the first three games, until Black Ops 2.With multiple endings, as well as the option to reset the story to a particular mission, the player was left with some sort of replay value: th e option to discover the alternate endings. This forced the player to do things differently to achieve them, and offered more depth. In the multiplayer, discovery comes through the form of a levelling system. Higher level players can use more things, and has access to more powerful guns and equipment. This made it so that the multiplayer experience was more of a journey than an arena, and kept the players interested longer.In a way, the multiplayer did not change from game to game. However, there is a significant improvement on the part of the single player in Black Ops 2. The Seventh Aesthetic: Game as Self-Discovery The seventh aesthetic is defined as expression, or the ability of the players to express themselves through the game. In Call of Duty, this is limited to the multiplayer. In the single player, the player is thrust into the shoes of a fictional character and therefore does not express himself. Expression in the multiplayer however, comes from the â€Å"Create your own Class† system. In other words, load out.The player gets to choose the primary weapon, secondary, as well as buffs to their character by way of â€Å"perks†. Whether the player is the run-and-gun type, or the silent sniper, these are all forms of expression. In terms of expression as an aesthetic, the game itself does not improve. Expression is something that is player driven, and can only be helped by more options for customization. As this game does not offer more customization from game to game, it could be said that it did not improve. The Eighth Aesthetic: Game as Past-time The eight aesthetic is called submission.This means that the player plays the game as a way to tune-out; much like reading a book or watching TV does (Portnow). It is difficult for the researcher to judge games on this aesthetic, seeing as the developers have no way to control this. People playing Black Ops 2 now, played Modern Warfare 2 before, and played Counter Strike even before that. Older g amers would be able to relate more games to their experience, and the researcher is speaking out of his own experience from playing first person shooters. Interestingly enough, the eighth aesthetic is aided not by the difference in games, but the similarity of them.People who have been playing the FPS as a genre for a long time would be able to enjoy this aesthetic more when the new games holds more similarities to old ones. In this way, developers are aiding their players by keeping the game relatively standard. In this, the game could be said to be the same for all four instalments, and does not improve. Of the eight aesthetics discussed, six are actually controlled by the developer. Of those six, the franchise as a whole has been seen to improve in three. That is half of those supposedly developer-induced aesthetics. Because of this, the game is judged to be not over rated.Small or big, there have been changes to the franchise with respect to the last four instalments with regard to the aesthetics. Whether these changes actually merit the game being â€Å"worthy† of being purchased, is in the opinion of the buyer. But as said before, there are another two aesthetics which are not developer-controlled. Which are the fourth and fifth. The players aid each other in these aesthetics by playing the game itself, and people seeking competition must go where competition lies. However, as said before, these games at most times changed marginally, and whether this deserves a $60 price tag is the player’s choice.As a researcher, the game is sound, and it is apparent that a lot of work went into the creation of these games. As a gamer, the researcher must implore other gamers to demand quality from their games. We as a culture, a society who enjoys this form of media have to be specific with what we want from the game developers. Do some small, arbitrary changes to the system deserve our money? If the next game is really the previous one with better graph ics, we should think about where we put our money and whether these games are worth buying. To conclude, Black Ops 2 picks up the slack of where the first three left off.Individually, these games deserve their standing, since all of them perform excellently in at least 4, maybe 5 aesthetics. As a whole, the franchise has found its niche. People are inherently intelligent, and will only buy when the price is right. It is the responsibility of the developers to improve, however their greatest responsibility will always be to satisfy the needs of the customers. Bibliography Ahearn, Nate. â€Å"Call of Duty: Black Ops Review. † 9 November 2010. IGN. 10 January 2013. Bozon, Mark. â€Å"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Review. † 10 November 2009. IGN. 0 January 2013. Gallegos, Anthony. â€Å"CALL OF DUTY: BLACK OPS 2 REVIEW. † 13 November 2012. IGN. 10 January 2013. —. â€Å"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Review. † 8 November 2011. IGN. 10 January 2013. Hu nicke, Robin, Marc LeBlanc and Robert Zubek. â€Å"MDA: A Formal Approach to Game Design and Game Research. † 2004. 3 January 2013. . Portnow, James. â€Å"Extra Credits: Aesthetics of Play. † 17 October 2012. Extra Credits. 3 January 2013. Ryckert, Dan. â€Å"Call of Duty: Black Ops II. † 13 November 2012. gameinformer. 10 January 2013. Sicart, Miguel. â€Å"Defining Game Mechanics. † December