Estefania Oliveros Essays (725 words) - Crime Scene,

Estefania Oliveros Crime Investigation CJ 210 - 51 There are many different types of investigations that can occur on duty. Whether you are a police officer, fire fighter or detective, investigations help us understand the events or actions that caused an incident. An example of an investigation is the preliminary investigation. A preliminary investigation is when law enforcement gathers more information about the incident. The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether or not a crime has been committed. It is also designed to identify a suspect's identity. After this is done, a decision is later made to whether or not conduct a full investigation or go to trial. The first step to a preliminary investigation is the initial response. This is an important part to a successful investigation. This is because "most cases actually are lost during the first hour of an investigation, the initial period ." The officer that gets there first is known as the primary officer. This officer is in charge until they are relieved by another officer. "A survey conducted by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) revealed that a response time of one minute or less is necessary to increase the probability of arrest at the scene." Even though this is what the survey proved there is not enough money to provide this response time. The first officer that arrives to the scene has to know what to do regarding the situation occurring. They must be able to take charge immediately and be able to control the situation. By this I mean people maybe excited or shaken up at the scene. The first officer must be able to get people to cooperate. After that has been taken care of, the setting is what comes next. The setting allows people to know what happened first. The priorities of the setting are handling emergencies first. Securing the scene and investigation what took place. During emergencies officers have to act according to the procedure they were given. Officers should also be aware that there could always be more than one suspect. If the officer is able to respond to the call quickly, they might be able to detain the suspect. "Any suspect at the scene should be detained, questioned and then released depending on circumstances." If the suspect has left the scene then immediate action is required if information is provided early enough. An arrest can be made sooner. If a person is seriously injured it is important to aid the victims first. Their safety is the top priority of the arriving officers. They should observe and record the injured person's condition. If the person is severely injured the important thing to do at that moment, is to remove them from the scene and provide them medical attention. If there is a dead body at the scene it may be the center of attention. The body is to be left at it was found. The main concern at this point is to be bid to identify the victim's body. Protecting the crime scene is simple. Most officers carry a caution tape or sign that reads, " Crime scene-do not cross." When this happens sometimes officers arriving at the scene can cause problems by ignoring the signs. "A Locard's principle of exchange is based forensic theory that objects that come in contract with each other always transfer material, however minute, to each other." After all has been taken care of the actual preliminary investigation can begin. Responsibilities during the preliminary investigation include questioning victims, witnesses and suspects. Conduct a neighborhood canvas, measure, photograph, videotape and sketch the scene. Searching for evidence, identify, collect, examine and process physical evidence. Information may be volunteered. "Res gestae statements are spontaneous statements made at the time of a crime concerning and closely related to actions involved in the crime. They are often considered more truthful than later, planned responses." At the end of investigation the most important priority is the safety of everyone. Along with that is to maintain the peace and control the situation. Being able to take control or take charge and catch the suspect of the crimes.

Free Essays on Salem Witch Trails

The Salem Witch Trials What caused the Salem witch trials? This is a question that has been asked for the last three hundred years. There is no easy answer to that question. There were numerous factors and events that lead to the trials. â€Å"A recent small pox outbreak, the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter by Charles II and the constant fear of Indian attacks helped in creating anxiety among the Puritans and a fear that God was punishing them. This fear of punishment established a fertile atmosphere in which a case of witchcraft could easily be interpreted by the Puritans as the cause of Gods wrath† (Victims) Other factors were politics, religion, family feuds, economics, and the imagination and fears of the people. These factors brought about a climate of repression, religious intolerance, social hierarchy combined with fanaticism and oppression of women. The Puritan leaders used the trials as a way to control the community and prevent change in the strict social hierarchy. Ac cording to Woloch â€Å"historian Carol F. Karlson points out most New Englanders accused of witchcraft were middle aged or older women, who lacking brothers or sons stood to inherit. Such women impeded â€Å"the orderly transition of property from one generation to another†.† (Woloch, 30) Lets start with the political problems of Salem. The tension over land was growing fast. The residents were divided into two groups: those that wanted to separate from Salem town, and those that did not. The farming families in the Western part of Salem Village wanted to separate from Salem Town. The families located in the eastern part of Salem Village and therefore closest to Salem Town wanted to remain part of the town. (Sutter) There was much overcrowding in in New England communities. In 1632, the general court granted Governor Endicott three hundred acres of land. With subsequent land grants to others, the boundaries and borders that told the people wh... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trails Free Essays on Salem Witch Trails The Salem Witch Trials What caused the Salem witch trials? This is a question that has been asked for the last three hundred years. There is no easy answer to that question. There were numerous factors and events that lead to the trials. â€Å"A recent small pox outbreak, the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter by Charles II and the constant fear of Indian attacks helped in creating anxiety among the Puritans and a fear that God was punishing them. This fear of punishment established a fertile atmosphere in which a case of witchcraft could easily be interpreted by the Puritans as the cause of Gods wrath† (Victims) Other factors were politics, religion, family feuds, economics, and the imagination and fears of the people. These factors brought about a climate of repression, religious intolerance, social hierarchy combined with fanaticism and oppression of women. The Puritan leaders used the trials as a way to control the community and prevent change in the strict social hierarchy. Ac cording to Woloch â€Å"historian Carol F. Karlson points out most New Englanders accused of witchcraft were middle aged or older women, who lacking brothers or sons stood to inherit. Such women impeded â€Å"the orderly transition of property from one generation to another†.† (Woloch, 30) Lets start with the political problems of Salem. The tension over land was growing fast. The residents were divided into two groups: those that wanted to separate from Salem town, and those that did not. The farming families in the Western part of Salem Village wanted to separate from Salem Town. The families located in the eastern part of Salem Village and therefore closest to Salem Town wanted to remain part of the town. (Sutter) There was much overcrowding in in New England communities. In 1632, the general court granted Governor Endicott three hundred acres of land. With subsequent land grants to others, the boundaries and borders that told the people wh...

Does China Threaten U.S. Global Economic Dominance Research Paper

Does China Threaten U.S. Global Economic Dominance - Research Paper Example In the  recent  global  economic  crisis of 2008-2009, China also managed to recover faster than United States which is still in the process of recovering from high unemployment rate, national debt and widening fiscal deficit. This  disparity  in economic performance led many to  consider  that perhaps the balance of power has already shifted from United States to China. To assess whether China threatens U.S. global economic dominance, it would be necessary to examine the factors that could threaten the US position as a global economic superpower and make a comparison between the two countries. That way, we would know if China is already threat to US’s global economic dominance. Economic dominance is a critical barometer of being a superpower because economics drives everything including a country’s ability to influence the world. Economic power includes  absolute  GDP (Gross Domestic Product) or a country’s total output that will  translate   to resources that can be used for defense purposes, projection of power and ability to influence the world. In totality, what really would matter if a certain country already threatens the economic dominance of United States is if its economy is already near as large as that of the economy of United States. In this regard, US economy is still about eight times bigger than China and has massive industrial and technological complex to support and sustain the growth of its economy.   Its currency is still used as the world's  reserve currency and it is not likely that the US dollar will be replaced by other currency soon or specifically by the Chinese Yuanii.   China's economy in contrast is eight times smaller than United States.   Further,  China is burdened with its huge population of 1.3 billion. Such that when its GDP is divided among its 1.3 billion population, its GDP will translate to a very low per capita income.   In 2007 pre-economic crisis, China’s pe r capita income was only $2,000 compared to US per capita income of $42,000.   China is not yet considered developed because there are still  400 million Chinese who lives in its rural area who survive on less than $2 per day and another 200 million lives on less than a dollar a dayiii.   Ã‚  China’s  weakness  includes its lack of multinational corporations.  China does not  even  have its own industrial complex and its economy is heavily dependent on Western enterprise.   If US pulls out of China, China will be on its knees because it is heavily dependent on US industries and market. United States economic might translates to its overwhelming military superiority over China.   Military superiority is a critical dimension of power because it enables a country to assert itself when it needs to defend its interest in the global arena and that includes economic interest.   The gauge of military superiority is not limited to the number of troops but also in cludes the sophistication of its military hardware.   The huge  size of US economy enables it to allocate a military budget that is not equaled by China.   It only allocates 4% of its total GDP on defense but due to the sheer size of its economy, this translates to a $600 billion military budget.    Compared to US budget of $600 billion for military expenditure, China has only a military budget of   $50 to $70 billion (although Pentagon doubt that such figure is understated) which only comprises one eight

Levels of AnalysisCh. 3 & Arab-Israeli Conflict book & homework. My Assignment

Levels of AnalysisCh. 3 & Arab-Israeli Conflict book & homework. My assigned Country for this research is NIGERIA - Assignment Example Another important event is the publishing of the works of Leo Pinsker (Auto-emancipation) and Theodor Herzl (Der Judenstaat) which called for the establishment of a Jewish homeland or state (Schulze 7). Both of these articles actually called for the need to establish a homeland for the Jewish people, given that they have been experiencing discrimination in the different countries where they are scattered (Schulze 7). In addition, both of these papers also emphasized that the establishment of such homeland for the Jewish people would make them preserve their cultural traditions and solidify their national identity as Jews. The establishment of the World Zionist Organization is important, for it spearheaded the creation of a Jewish homeland in Israel, which was the same territory of the Ottoman Empire controlled Islamic Palestine (Schulze 8). It is said that Palestine was chosen as the land where the Jewish homeland would be established because it is here where the ancient kingdom of I srael and Judah where located. These kingdoms are the only Jewish states which have existed in history. Seen as the origin of the Jewish people, the Zionist movement saw the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine as essential in the nation-building process of the Jews who were historically scattered and in Diaspora.

French Revolution and Napoleon Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

French Revolution and Napoleon Era - Essay Example Largely, the French revolution was considered successful premised on the ideologies of liberty, equality, brotherhood, democracy, hubris, fiscal responsibility and technology. The revolutionary’s slogan of â€Å"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or death† captures their vision and aspiration for a new order and willingness to die for that cause (Kaiser & Kley, 2010). Their commitment to attain liberty and equality resulted to national liberation and legal equity. The liberals championed their ideologies on advocating for individual liberty and legal equality. Liberty created freedom for people to make choices for themselves, equality where no person being superior to the other, rationalism in which every individual would have the capacity of logical thinking, progress of society, science, and the economy and free market liberalism. These consequential liberal ideas advocated for a limited government that favored democracy. While chanting the spirit of brotherhood, the irate French citizens of Paris conducted the Bastille storm as a unit to express the people’s takeover of power. At the same time, Fiscal responsibility and Hubris were influential to the revolution owing to the crisis of King Louis XV, resulting from higher debts accruals; the tax increased on the citizens in order to pay up these debts to end the cycle of financial trap. The dawn of democracy also helped create a people’s elected government by adopting new political ideologies, equality for all persons and encouraging a limited form of government that championed the people’s interests. Moreover, the technology that was used during the French revolution including guillotine made people fear, being a new style of execution, and becoming the nerve of revolutionary justice. (Censer & Hunt, 2001) Thus, the French revolution was premised on enlightenment, citizenship, nationalism and inalienable rights, some of which would spill over to the American Revolution. Napoleoni c Era Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in the town of Ajaccio, Corsica; the Republic of Genoa which was transferred one year after the small island to France. On July 4, 1176, the American constitution and declaration of independence was signed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, then years following to July14, 1789 saw the final fall of Bastille, Paris because of brotherhood efforts of the French revolutionary, opening doors for the beginning of the revolutionary war challenging the old with the ideals of a new and better society. Culminating from the endless efforts of the revolutionaries, the Monarchy was abolished in France on September 21, 1792 in France establishing the first French Republic. Just a day after being convicted of conspiracy, King Louis XVI was executed by the French National convention using a guillotine in Paris on January 21, 1793. (Rose, 1935) On August 22, 1795, the French constitution was ratified by the French National convention during the times of the French revolution in France. A year later, the battle of Arcola took place, marking a decisive battle during Napoleon’s defeat of the third Austrian trail to raise the Siege of Mantua, making Napoleon disentangle himself from a very precarious position on 15-16 November 1796. In 1798 marked the French campaign in Egypt and Syria to protect French trading interests, diminish Britain’s presence in India and anchor scientific establishments in the region. On November 9,

Impact of ICT Innovations at NG-CDF

Impact of ICT Innovations at NG-CDF The Board acquired internet from two ISPs (internet service providers), Safaricom and Accesskenya, providing availability of reliable redundant global connectivity. Connectivity therefore has allowed access to internal systems such as email, ERP (Enterprise resource planning) and website at ease. Learning through research on the internet has improved. The Local Area Network (LAN) and Wireless LAN has provided interconnectivity within the office. Resources can be shared among users and computers with minimum movement of staff. Wireless LAN on the other hand has also encouraged BYOD (bring your own device) culture in the organization and improve staff mobility. Recently the Board implemented MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) to regional offices providing access to internet and telephony services at a minimum cost. MPLS is a multipoint connectivity system that allows regions and HQ to communicate to each other like they are in one office. The regional offices can now be reached by a telephone extension. Connectivity through MPLS has also allowed the implementation of SIP telephone services whereby a pilot line is given which in turn allows for configuration of 999 parallel lines hence direct lines. The firewall protects the organization from internal and external threats. These threats come in form of spam messages, phishing sites and viruses. Threats penetrate networks using services or ports that may be or may not be used in the organization. The firewall therefore assists in filtering out those services that may allow threats into the network. In addition, internet bandwidth is a limited resource and therefore need to be controlled, services that consume a lot of bandwidth are then disabled so that users can have a fair usage of internet without affecting their duties. The firewall also allows for scheduling and QOS to prioritize certain services at a certain time. Kaspersky central Management allows the system administrator to monitor threats to the organization systems in form of computer viruses. The central management is an all in one portal where admins can perform certain tasks remotely from a server e.g. install, manage and license Kaspersky remotely, push updates remotely, manage devices, enable or disable e.g. USB To secure the server room CCTV is installed to monitor physical access and intrusion of unauthorized staff members thereby improving on data security and management. The CCTV system allows for live picture and playback options and to save/export a video for future reviews The Board has a registered domain name, cdf.go.ke and subsequently each staff member is assigned an email address. The email system, running on the latest version is accessible 24/7 anywhere anytime through a computer or supported mobile devices. Guidelines and manuals to access the mail portal have been developed by the department to help staff members adapt to the system easily. The Board has installed Spiceworks helpdesk system which is an open source helpdesk system that allows the department to have a bona fide support ticket-tracking system and generate reports of the same to gauge their performance. Users raise tickets by email, telephone call or through the Spiceworks portal, the ICT department then are able to view and prioritize them accordingly. Once the case is solved, the ticket is closed. The bulk SMS system is web based system which the Board uses to disseminate important information through short messages to staff members within the shortest time possible. Within the system, targeted groups and individual contacts have been preloaded to the system; these groups are All Staff, FAMs, directors, HQ Staff etc. The board has seen improvement in communicating matters relating to the board or staff on time without the need for lengthy and slow means of communication; this has improved the accuracy of the information passed and avoided speculations on sensitive Board matters. The system provides information to the Boards customers using USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) is a Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication technology that is used to send text between a mobile phone and an application program in the network. Information available is allocations and disbursements for each constituency from FY 2013/2014 to date. The USSD is integrated to the bulk sms system so that results can be sent to the end user. The user queries by dialing *483*6# from their mobile phone, then select the constituency by a quick search, they will then choose whether they need allocations or disbursement information. Once confirmed, the results are then sent through SMS to the users phone via the bulk sms system implemented by the board. 100% of individual offices have been connected by a telephone extension, 70% of staff have an extension on their desks. The Board maintains a PBX which interconnects these extensions and the regional office extensions. Staff can communicate within offices on 10th floor, 5th floor and regional offices conveniently and for free. Trunk calls (external calls) can also be made and received by the board via providers like Orange Telkom and Safaricom. Orange provides the landlines while Safaricom provides a SIP line which emulates a mobile number with 1000 lines which can then be configured as direct lines. The SIP trunk therefore allows for multiple calls to be made without engaging or congesting the lines. A unique number is assigned, for the Board, this is 0709894, and the last 3 digits have then been assigned to a specific extension Number for example 0709894000 is configured on the extension at the reception as a pilot line, any other extension has also an incoming route creating a direct line scenario. Web portals are websites that maintain personalized information in a database in the background. Unlike any website, portals allow authorized users access to specific information meant for them specifically. They are even allowed to customize information they want to be displayed in their portal (space). The Boards web portal is integrated portal in that, the fund account managers can create their own websites within the portal by logging in to the system. The public can therefore access information on any constituency from one website www.ngcdf.go.ke by a click of a button. CDFMIS stores, organizes and makes access to project and financial information easy. It not only stores all the information relating to current and past years projects, but also stores the approved budgets for these years, details on inflows and outflows of funds. The CDFMIS Projects database is composed of four different functional aspects, each corresponding to a set of tasks the constituency must carry out as a part of its mission, these include project Information, bursaries Information, budget and Finance Information and Complaints Information. Data and Applications Software are stored in servers at the computer center located at CDF Headquarters in Nairobi. Operations data are entered at the various user locations at the Constituencies and Head office. Interconnectivity of the system is through Wide Area Network between the constituencies and the Servers; and through Local Area Network between the Servers and Head Office workstations. CDFMIS is operated the basis of on-line real-time; that is to say that updates occur immediately a transaction is completed; thus making information as current as the last transaction. Access to the system will be done via the internet/intranet through use of a web browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, etc.). Unique user-names and passwords are given by System Administrator. Microsoft Dynamics SL is a financial/accounting system used by the Boards Finance and Accounts Department. Microsoft Dynamics SL is one of Microsofts enterprise resource planning (ERP) software products for project-driven small- and medium-sized enterprises. It is part of the Microsoft Dynamics product family. The functionality includes finance, project accounting, manufacturing, field services, supply chain management, analytics, and electronic commerce. The major module used by the Board is the finance module.

American Beauty: Interpersonal Conflict in Film Essay

In any type of relationship there is conflict. It is inevitable really as the needs of more than one person must be met to have a copacetic or symbiotic relationship. Whether the interpersonal conflict is constructive or destructive, the key to its resolution is in how the conflict is managed and the amelioration each party receives from it. That is easier said than done though. Watching interpersonal conflict play out in film is a cathartic way to empathize with a character that is or characters that are going through a similar conflict experienced by the films viewer. This viewer can take note of the outcome from the decision the character(s) made in this similar instance. If the viewer had taken a negative route, this film can provide him or her with the alternative to his or her behavior should this situation arise again. If the viewer had taken a positive route this can show him or her what could have been had he or she not made the decision(s) he or she in fact made. In the film American Beauty, the viewer is shown what the question of beauty always begs to answer with a wry outlook. Is beauty only held in the outward appearance? Is beauty this mask worn to show the world what we think they want to see? Or is beauty what we keep sheltered or locked within? Is it what is inside- our thoughts, passions, hopes, dreams, strengths and weaknesses? Is it what is just below the surface- skeletons in the closet or the dysfunctional realm only few are privy to and no one really puts a spotlight on?

Analysis of Sonny’s Blues by James Baldwin

â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by author James Baldwin tells the tale of two brothers; one good and one evil. The narrator paints the two brothers as â€Å"light† and â€Å"dark†. The author James Baldwin writes about his relationship with his brother Sonny whom was the â€Å"dark† brother. In essence, this story is about the struggle of two black brothers growing up in Harlem. This essay incorporates the struggles that Black men and women go through on a daily basis. Though both brothers were from the ghetto, the narrator seems to have assimilated into the larger society/culture; he was a school teacher doing generally well in what we call life. Sonny on the other hand turned to drugs (heroin) to escape from the pain and suffering he endured growing up a black man in the 1950’s. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† also tells the reader about how art and music was a huge part of Black people’s lives in Harlem. Many looked towards music for an escape; Sonny turned towards Jazz to release his pain and anguish. This story does have a Biblical theme behind it. Like the story of light and darkness in the Bible, Baldwin uses these phrases to reference the life or the characters. One critic agrees with this Biblical interpretation; author James Tackach actually wrote a criticism called â€Å"the biblical foundation of James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Tackach’s interpretation was based on Baldwin’s real life. He expressed that Baldwin was born in the Church and therefore knew the Bible intimately. Tackach fells as though Baldwin uses his vast knowledge of Biblical stories to help tell the tale of Sonny and his brother. In Tackachs critical analysis of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, he writes that no other critical analysis has identified the two main biblical texts that form the foundation of Baldwin’s story; the Cain and Abel story and the story of the Prodigal Son. In accordance with Tackachs criticism, I believe that that story did have a Biblical undertone like the two stories listed above. Both stories, Cain and Abel and The Prodigal Son, have the same plot as â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. All of these stories are brothers fighting with one another and each brother in all of three stories has the â€Å"good† and the â€Å"bad† qualities about them. Like previously stated, Sonny was the good brother; so were the Prodigal son and Cain. Tackach also talked about the â€Å"cup of trembling† which was a Biblical term that symbolizes sinners that were now redeemed. When the narrator sends Sonny a drink at the end of the story, he claims that it is like the â€Å"cup of trembling†. This is another term taken from the Bible to symbolize the relationship between the two brothers. Tackach seems to use biographical and historical criticism when breaking down the story of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. Like Tackachs, Michael Clark’s criticism ‘Light and Darkness in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ also uses the â€Å"light† and â€Å"darkness† to describe the story. The â€Å"light† being the ‘good’ and the â€Å"dark† being the ‘bad’ qualities. Unlike Tackachs, Clark uses these terms to refer to the emotions felt by Sonny when he was on drugs, thinking about his life or when playing his piano; his jazz music. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, the narrator writes â€Å"I feel like a man who’s been trying to climb up out of some deep, real deep and funky hole and just saw the sun up there, outside. I got to get outside. † Clark uses the â€Å"funky hole† to describe the darkness and â€Å"the sun† to describe the light. To Clark, the whole story is about how Sonny feels and how his music portrays his emotions, his despair and finally his joy. I agree with Clark, It seems as though Sonny is always in pain or joyous. There seems to be no in between with him. Most of the time, Sonny is depressed or melancholy. He only finds real happiness in the last few sentences of the story. Sonny only expressed his joy when he is clean and playing his beloved piano. This did occur in the beginning of the story too, when Sonny moved into Isabelle’s house. Isabelle had a piano inside and Sonny seemed very happy to know this. Sonny played jazz music all the time until Isabelle and her family received a note saying that Sonny was missing school. After Sonny was scolded, he stopped playing the piano and began his journey through the darkness. He continued this until the end of the story when he finally kicked his habit. The â€Å"light† and the â€Å"darkness† analogy Clark used were perfect for this story because it captured the struggles Sonny went through, throughout the short story.

Diego Rivera Mecanizacin del essays

Diego Rivera Mecanizacin del essays This work contains a great amount of symbolism and and meaning, because it is a reflection of the feelings of the author and a cause he cannot put into words. The figures represented in this painting are that of a woman, sitting in the center ; 3 men standing on the right ; 3 other men on the left ; and a woman in the clouds. The figures are depicted in typical clothing, except for the woman enveloped in a cloud, whom is wearing none. The rich colors that are used for the dirt and the faces of the people give a feeling of warmth and trust. While the distant mountains and structures are depicted in cooler colors that create a sense of distance, yet also of an incoming horizon. The painting is rich in archaeological detail and painted in a sharply outlined, linear style. The woman that is in the center of the paining represents the goddess, Xilonen. Xilonen is the Nahuatl goddess of corn, she is carrying this in her arms in the painting and is surrounded by it. The bundles of corn she is holding are meant to be her gift to the indigenous land workers that are being abused by the clergy, government and military. The second woman in the painting, is in a cloud, she is flying over the three men on the left, and she is carrying a thunderbolt. This thunderbolt she is aiming at the criminal trinity. In this case the criminal trinity is the clergy, the military and the capitalists. They are the enemies of the Mexican towns, and so the woman represents justice, because she punishes those that hurt the people. She takes care of her own. Her fury is well represented in the dark red color of the cloud and the bright orange in the thunderbolt. The dark sky around her adds intensity and emphasizes on this part of the painting. The land workers are represented b y a small figure in the background. Also in the background there is the industrialization and machinery of the new era. Just as it is placed, the figures are meant t ...

Order, Age, and Pareidolia

Order, Age, and Pareidolia Order, Age, and Pareidolia Order, Age, and Pareidolia By Maeve Maddox In his Essay on Criticism (1711), Alexander Pope (1688-1744) wrote: A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: there shallow draughts [swallows] intoxicate the brain, and drinking largely [drinking great quantities] sobers us again. In Greek myth, drinking from the Pierian spring instilled knowledge. In modern terms, Pope is saying that superficial knowledge makes people imagine they know more than they do about a topic; this false sense of knowledge leads to extravagant conclusions that do not hold up with further information. An example of a little knowledge being a dangerous thing is the web of misinformation and conspiracy theory that has grown up around a Latin quotation on the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States. Note: Images of both sides of the Great Seal can be seen on the back of a one-dollar bill. The image of the reverse is on the left. The reverse of the Great Seal shows an uncompleted pyramid with an eye in a rayed triangle above it. The words ANNUIT COEPTIS appear above the eye, and the words NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM appear on a scroll beneath the pyramid. Both quotations are taken from Vergil’s Latin epic, the Aeneid. The first quotation, annuit coeptis, translates as â€Å"[He] favors the undertaking.† In the context of the poem, the line is part of a prayer by Aeneas to Jupiter, and the understood subject He refers to the chief Roman god. Aeneas was praying about â€Å"undertakings† that included the foundation of Rome. (According to Vergil, Romulus and Remus were descendants of Aeneas.) To the eighteenth-century Deists setting up a country they viewed as a â€Å"new Rome† destined to endure for centuries, the eye- and the implied pronoun- represented Divine Providence. The second quotation, novus ordo seculorum translates as â€Å"new order of the ages,† not, as conspiracy theorists would have it, â€Å"New World Order† or â€Å"New Secular Order.† The designers of the Great Seal did not attach the same meanings to the Latin words ordo and seclorum that modern conspiracy theorists do. In the quotation from Vergil, ordo implies a sequence of historical periods. And seculorum does not denote the same thing as the English adjective secular. The most common use of secular today is as an adjective meaning â€Å"worldly, not sacred.† To Vergil, the adjective saecularis, (â€Å"relating to a long period of time†) derived from the noun saeculum, which could mean â€Å"a generation,† â€Å"a century,† or â€Å"a very long period of time.† For example, to a modern English speaker, the phrase â€Å"secular entertainment† would mean â€Å"entertainment having nothing to do with religion.† For ancient Romans, â€Å"secular entertainment† meant shows or games that were put on at very long intervals. The ancient Ludi Saeculares (secular games), for example, took place every 100 or 110 years. The classically trained men who approved the final design of the Great Seal in 1782 were acquainted with the ancient belief that human history progresses and declines by Ages. For example, Ovid describes four ages: Golden Age, Silver Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The quotation from Vergil reflects the founders’ feeling that the creation of the new nation represented the beginning of a new age in the history of the world. Some conspiracy theorists who misinterpret the quotation also claim to see occult symbols hidden in the designs on both sides of the Great Seal. There’s a word for seeing meaningful images in random patterns: pareidolia /pair-eye-DOLE-ee-uh/ noun: the tendency to perceive a specific, often meaningful, image in a random or ambiguous visual pattern. One type of pareidolia is face pareidolia: the illusory perception of non-existent faces. Another is letter pareidolia:  the illusory perception of non-existent letters. Claims to see satanic images in the Great Seal are examples of symbol pareidolia. This type of pareidolia is especially troublesome in the context of logo design because the same image can appear differently to different viewers- even to the same viewer at different times. Symbol pareidolia occurred with the 2014 World Cup logo: some viewers saw it as the depiction of a soccer fan doing a facepalm: a gesture in which the palm of ones hand is brought to ones face, as an expression of disbelief, shame, or exasperation. Sometimes an artist intentionally plays to pareidolia by creating an image intended to be seen in two ways. A famous example is the drawing called All Is Vanity by Charles Allan Gilbert (1873-1929). At first glance, the viewer sees a lovely Victorian-era woman looking at herself in the large round mirror above her cosmetic-laden dressing table. With a second look, the viewer discerns not the woman, but the image of a deaths head- a human skull that represents death and the fleeting nature of life. Alexander Pope would probably be amused to see the amount of nonsense about the US Great Seal that has resulted from a little learning and a lot of pareidolia. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Evaluate the utility of the anthropological concept of the chiefdom as Essay

Evaluate the utility of the anthropological concept of the chiefdom as a means of analysing the kingdoms (tuatha) of Early Christian Ireland - Essay Example In looking cultures such as the early Christian chiefdoms in Ireland where the evidence is not clearly established, the anthropological approach allows for the use of research from a variety of resources to be utilized in creating a concept of the nature of the culture. In Ireland, according to the research and information gathered by anthropologists and archaeologists, after the spread of Christianity through the nation, there still existed a series of chiefdoms under which the rule of the land was governed. The tuath designed communities of early Christian Ireland were based on the needs of agriculturally based society. The evidence that is left from these cultures is based on evidence of settlements that can be attributed to the work in the last part of the 19th century by W. G. Woodmartin, and T. J. Westropp who began excavations and created maps that laid out the foundation of the settlements of the tuath agricultural communities (Edwards, 2006, pp. 9). Continuing excavations and discoveries support the theory of how the culture of the time period was structured, however it requires the use of theories of anthropological research and an understanding of the multiple disciplines under Chiefdoms, as described by Earle (2000), are usually a population that is no more than a few thousand people, have some what of a system of inherited status within its social structure, with a chief that is primarily concerned with the economic welfare of his people (pp. 1). Within the development of political governing entities, the chiefdom sits somewhere between the hunting gathering societies and the developed state that is the basis of national formation that is the current model of social and political structuring. The chiefdom, according to Carneiro (2003), was part of an evolutionary cultural development that started with bands of people, moved to tribes, then chiefdoms, which eventually ended with the state as the political culture in

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Summary - Essay Example The controversy which its use aroused eventually compelled music producers to cease the inclusion of DRM technology on its audio discs, with EMI being the last company to do so in 2007 (Thompson). DRM faded out of use because it violated existent copyright laws and did not produce the expected results. While DRM is designed to protect copyright material it does so in a way which violates existent fair use policies. As Sarah Houghton-Jan writes, â€Å"DRM makes it illegal for the owner of that CD to use that content on more than one device (which you should be legally allowed to do)† (53). When a person purchases an audio disc which has DRM technology embedded on it, the person is consenting to DTM terms. These terms include, in some cases, the inability to play the CD audio content on more than one machine and, quite possibly, the inability to play it on any of the machines which the user owns (Houghton-Jan, 53-54). In reference to the last, this is because not all machines have the required decryption codec installed. The implication here is that DRM technology violates the owner’s right to play the audio CD on any machine s/he chooses and restricts the types of machines on which s/he can play the CD. Hence, restrictions on use extend beyond the illegal duplication and dissemination of the copyrighted music and, indeed violate the CD owner’s rights. Apart from its violation of fair use policy, DRM had the effect, not of halting illegal copying of copyrighted music but, of negatively impacting music sales. As the music industry’s leading producers, EMI, Sony and others have realised â€Å"DRM doesn’t work and actually negatively impacts sales† (Rapoza, 47). It is an extremely costly approach to the prevention of copyright violations and, more importantly, it does not fulfil its promise to prevent unauthorised copying and dissemination. This is because encryption codes have proven